The evidence for Prime for Life was gleaned from the following sources. With thousands of peer-review research articles, it is possible to show anything related to musculoskeletal pain management. However, just because something is printed or a study purports to show a trend or “truth” does not make it so. A study is only as good as the quality with which it was conducted. There must be an adequate number of subjects for the study to reflect trends in the population at large. The study must be transparent in its description of methodology. Random assignment of subjects to treatment and control groups more clearly demonstrates that a trend is more than just chance. Preventing subjects from knowing whether or not they are receiving the experimental treatment or placebo (i.e. blinding) is the optimum way to prevent confounding other effects. There are now scoring systems for discerning the quality of such studies (e.g. the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale). Physical therapy is in the forefront of evidence-based practice. Researchers often cannot obtain enough subjects with a particular malady to enable adequate extrapolation to the entire population. Blinding in physical therapy research sometimes is not possible due to obvious differences in treatment. Research quality is dramatically improving year-by-year, but many current concepts and therapeutic interventions in physical therapy and musculoskeletal care will not be around in ten years. My hope is that this is true for Prime for Life. Ten years from now, many of the ideas presented in the book will have been supplanted by superior ones. Change is good.
 
To learn more about a study, copy the title. Click on: National Library of Medicine
Paste the title in the search bar for PubMed with quotes (") on each side of the title. Click "Go." Depending on how many studies are then listed, scroll down until you see the same title and click on it to view the abstract (and sometimes the entire article). 

There are also some interesting hyperlinks to such places as the Centers of Disease Control. Click on them and you will be taken to those sites and pages. Those underlined in blue are hyperlinks. Enjoy! 
 

Introduction
 
1. Fiatarone MA, Marks EC, Ryan ND, Meredith CN, Lipsitz LA, Evans WJ. High-intensity strength training in nonagenarians. Effects on skeletal muscle. JAMA. Jun 13 1990;263(22):3029-3034.
2. Kortebein P, Ferrando A, Lombeida J, Wolfe R, Evans WJ. Effect of 10 days of bed rest on skeletal muscle in healthy older adults. JAMA. Apr 25 2007;297(16):1772-1774.
3. http://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/everyone/guidelines/
4. Schmidt WD, Biwer CJ, Kalscheuer LK. Effects of long versus short bout exercise on fitness and weight loss in overweight females. J Am Coll Nutr. Oct 2001;20(5):494-501.
5. Chambliss HO. Exercise duration and intensity in a weight-loss program. Clin J Sport Med. Mar 2005;15(2):113-115.
 

Chapter One: Movement as Medicine

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49. Gauvin L, Rejeski W. The exercise-induced feeling inventory: development and initial validation. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 1993;15(4):409.
50. Hakkinen K, Pakarinen A, Hannonen P, et al. Effects of strength training on muscle strength, cross-sectional area, maximal electromyographic activity, and serum hormones in premenopausal women with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol. Jun 2002;29(6):1287-1295.
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53. Heruti RJ, Uri I, Arbel Y, Swartzon M, Galor S, Justo D. Erectile dysfunction severity might be associated with poor cardiovascular prognosis in diabetic men. J Sex Med. Mar 2007;4(2):465-471.
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55. Hunter GR, McCarthy JP, Bamman MM. Effects of resistance training on older adults. Sports Med. 2004;34(5):329-348.
56. Illner K, Brinkmann G, Heller M, Bosy-Westphal A, Muller MJ. Metabolically active components of fat free mass and resting energy expenditure in nonobese adults. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. Feb 2000;278(2):E308-315.
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60. Keller S, Seraganian P. Physical fitness level and autonomic reactivity to psychosocial stress. J Psychosom Res. 1984;28(4):279-287.
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Samantha’s Story: Diabetes and Exercise

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Chapter Two: Getting Started
 
Evidence that all tissues respond to physical stress in predictable ways (e.g. atrophy, maintain, hypertrophy or increase stress tolerance, pain/injury):

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Dorothy’s Story: Balance and Agility

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32. Horak FB. Postural orientation and equilibrium: what do we need to know about neural control of balance to prevent falls? Age Ageing. Sep 2006;35 Suppl 2:ii7-ii11.
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34. Hoskin AF. Fatal falls: trends and characteristics. Stat Bull Metrop Insur Co. Apr-Jun 1998;79(2):10-15.
35. Hunter GR, McCarthy JP, Bamman MM. Effects of resistance training on older adults. Sports Med. 2004;34(5):329-348.
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37. Janssen HC, Samson MM, Meeuwsen IB, Duursma SA, Verhaar HJ. Strength, mobility and falling in women referred to a geriatric outpatient clinic. Aging Clin Exp Res. Apr 2004;16(2):122-125.
38. Kuramoto AM. Therapeutic benefits of Tai Chi exercise: research review. Wmj. Oct 2006;105(7):42-46.
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40. Leipzig RM, Cumming RG, Tinetti ME. Drugs and falls in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis: II. Cardiac and analgesic drugs. J Am Geriatr Soc. Jan 1999;47(1):40-50.
41. Leipzig RM, Cumming RG, Tinetti ME. Drugs and falls in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis: I. Psychotropic drugs. J Am Geriatr Soc. Jan 1999;47(1):30-39.
42. Lewis CE, Ewing SK, Taylor BC, et al. Predictors of non-spine fracture in elderly men: the MrOS study. J Bone Miner Res. Feb 2007;22(2):211-219.
43. Lin MR, Wolf SL, Hwang HF, Gong SY, Chen CY. A randomized, controlled trial of fall prevention programs and quality of life in older fallers. J Am Geriatr Soc. Apr 2007;55(4):499-506.
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45. Liu-Ambrose T, Khan KM, Eng JJ, Janssen PA, Lord SR, McKay HA. Resistance and agility training reduce fall risk in women aged 75 to 85 with low bone mass: a 6-month randomized, controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. May 2004;52(5):657-665.
46. Liu-Ambrose T, Khan KM, Eng JJ, Lord SR, McKay HA. Balance confidence improves with resistance or agility training. Increase is not correlated with objective changes in fall risk and physical abilities. Gerontology. Nov-Dec 2004;50(6):373-382.
47. Lord SR, Dayhew J. Visual risk factors for falls in older people. J Am Geriatr Soc. May 2001;49(5):508-515.
48. Lord SR, Sturnieks DL. The physiology of falling: assessment and prevention strategies for older people. J Sci Med Sport. Mar 2005;8(1):35-42.
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51. Means KM, O'Sullivan PS, Rodell DE. Psychosocial effects of an exercise program in older persons who fall. J Rehabil Res Dev. Jan-Feb 2003;40(1):49-58.
52. Mecagni C, Smith JP, Roberts KE, O'Sullivan SB. Balance and ankle range of motion in community-dwelling women aged 64 to 87 years: a correlational study. Phys Ther. Oct 2000;80(10):1004-1011.
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55. Nelson DE, Sattin RW, Langlois JA, DeVito CA, Stevens JA. Alcohol as a risk factor for fall injury events among elderly persons living in the community. J Am Geriatr Soc. Jul 1992;40(7):658-661.
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Chapter Three: Flexibility

 Quite frankly, the flexibility tests in Prime for Life may be the least scientific part of the book. Several, such as the gastrocnemious and soleus tests, were developed by me to give the reader a rough idea about their range of motion. Physical therapists spend a lot of time developing accuracy in assessing range of motion of joints, using instruments and using a high level of expertise to maintain correct alignment, etc. However, short calf muscles can be problematic and correlate to Achilles tendon, plantar fasciitis and posterior tibialis problems. So can shortness or excessive stiffness of the other areas tested. Do not fret needlessly about how you did. If in doubt, consult a Physical Therapist for a more accurate, meaningful assessment – especially if you are experiencing pain or functional problems. 

1. Askling C, Saartok T, Thorstensson A. Type of acute hamstring strain affects flexibility, strength, and time to return to pre-injury level. Br J Sports Med. Jan 2006;40(1):40-44.
2. Bazett-Jones DM, Winchester JB, McBride JM. Effect of potentiation and stretching on maximal force, rate of force development, and range of motion. J Strength Cond Res. May 2005;19(2):421-426.
3. Black JD, Stevens ED. Passive stretching does not protect against acute contraction-induced injury in mouse EDL muscle. J Muscle Res Cell Motil. 2001;22(4):301-310.
4. Brooks JH, Fuller CW, Kemp SP, Reddin DB. Incidence, risk, and prevention of hamstring muscle injuries in professional rugby union. Am J Sports Med. Aug 2006;34(8):1297-1306.
5. Cheung JT, Zhang M, An KN. Effect of Achilles tendon loading on plantar fascia tension in the standing foot. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). Feb 2006;21(2):194-203.
6. Cipriani D, Abel B, Pirrwitz D. A comparison of two stretching protocols on hip range of motion: implications for total daily stretch duration. J Strength Cond Res. May 2003;17(2):274-278.
7. Craib MW, Mitchell VA, Fields KB, Cooper TR, Hopewell R, Morgan DW. The association between flexibility and running economy in sub-elite male distance runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Jun 1996;28(6):737-743.
8. Cramer JT, Housh TJ, Johnson GO, Weir JP, Beck TW, Coburn JW. An acute bout of static stretching does not affect maximal eccentric isokinetic peak torque, the joint angle at peak torque, mean power, electromyography, or mechanomyography. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. Mar 2007;37(3):130-139.
9. DiBenedetto M, Innes KE, Taylor AG, et al. Effect of a gentle Iyengar yoga program on gait in the elderly: an exploratory study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. Sep 2005;86(9):1830-1837.
10. Digiovanni BF, Nawoczenski DA, Malay DP, et al. Plantar fascia-specific stretching exercise improves outcomes in patients with chronic plantar fasciitis. A prospective clinical trial with two-year follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Aug 2006;88(8):1775-1781.
11. Dolan AL, Hart DJ, Doyle DV, Grahame R, Spector TD. The relationship of joint hypermobility, bone mineral density, and osteoarthritis in the general population: the Chingford Study. J Rheumatol. Apr 2003;30(4):799-803.
12. Escalante A, Lichtenstein MJ, Hazuda HP. Walking velocity in aged persons: its association with lower extremity joint range of motion. Arthritis Rheum. Jun 2001;45(3):287-294.
13. Fradkin AJ, Gabbe BJ, Cameron PA. Does warming up prevent injury in sport? The evidence from randomised controlled trials? J Sci Med Sport. Jun 2006;9(3):214-220.
14. Gajdosik RL, Allred JD, Gabbert HL, Sonsteng BA. A stretching program increases the dynamic passive length and passive resistive properties of the calf muscle-tendon unit of unconditioned younger women. Eur J Appl Physiol. Mar 2007;99(4):449-454.
15. Gajdosik RL, Vander Linden DW, McNair PJ, et al. Viscoelastic properties of short calf muscle-tendon units of older women: effects of slow and fast passive dorsiflexion stretches in vivo. Eur J Appl Physiol. Oct 2005;95(2-3):131-139.
16. Garfinkel MS, Singhal A, Katz WA, Allan DA, Reshetar R, Schumacher HR, Jr. Yoga-based intervention for carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized trial. JAMA. Nov 11 1998;280(18):1601-1603.
17. Gleim GW, Stachenfeld NS, Nicholas JA. The influence of flexibility on the economy of walking and jogging. J Orthop Res. Nov 1990;8(6):814-823.
18. Gremion G. [Is stretching for sports performance still useful? A review of the literature]. Rev Med Suisse. Jul 27 2005;1(28):1830-1834.
19. Gulbahar S, Sahin E, Baydar M, et al. Hypermobility syndrome increases the risk for low bone mass. Clin Rheumatol. Jul 2006;25(4):511-514.
20. Hartig DE, Henderson JM. Increasing hamstring flexibility decreases lower extremity overuse injuries in military basic trainees. Am J Sports Med. Mar-Apr 1999;27(2):173-176.
21. Harvey L, Herbert R, Crosbie J. Does stretching induce lasting increases in joint ROM? A systematic review. Physiother Res Int. 2002;7(1):1-13.
22. Herbert RD, Gabriel M. Effects of stretching before and after exercising on muscle soreness and risk of injury: systematic review. BMJ. Aug 31 2002;325(7362):468.
23. Hudson N, Fitzcharles MA, Cohen M, Starr MR, Esdaile JM. The association of soft-tissue rheumatism and hypermobility. Br J Rheumatol. Apr 1998;37(4):382-386.
24. Ingraham SJ. The role of flexibility in injury prevention and athletic performance: have we stretched the truth? Minn Med. May 2003;86(5):58-61.
25. Jones P, Alexander CJ, Stewart J, Lynskey N. Idiopathic osteoarthritis and contracture: causal implications. Ann Rheum Dis. Feb 2005;64(2):226-228.
26. Kerrigan DC, Lee LW, Collins JJ, Riley PO, Lipsitz LA. Reduced hip extension during walking: healthy elderly and fallers versus young adults. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. Jan 2001;82(1):26-30.
27. Kubo K, Kanehisa H, Fukunaga T. Is passive stiffness in human muscles related to the elasticity of tendon structures? Eur J Appl Physiol. Aug 2001;85(3-4):226-232.
28. Kubo K, Kanehisa H, Fukunaga T. Effects of resistance and stretching training programmes on the viscoelastic properties of human tendon structures in vivo. J Physiol. Jan 1 2002;538(Pt 1):219-226.
29. Kubo K, Kanehisa H, Fukunaga T. Effect of stretching training on the viscoelastic properties of human tendon structures in vivo. J Appl Physiol. Feb 2002;92(2):595-601.
30. Lamontagne A, Malouin F, Richards CL. Viscoelastic behavior of plantar flexor muscle-tendon unit at rest. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. Nov 1997;26(5):244-252.
31. Lark SD, Buckley JG, Jones DA, Sargeant AJ. Knee and ankle range of motion during stepping down in elderly compared to young men. Eur J Appl Physiol. Mar 2004;91(2-3):287-295.
32. Li Z, Yang G, Khan M, Stone D, Woo SL, Wang JH. Inflammatory response of human tendon fibroblasts to cyclic mechanical stretching. Am J Sports Med. Mar 2004;32(2):435-440.
33. Lieber R. Skeletal Muscle, Structure, Function & Plasticity. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2002.
34. Magnusson SP. Passive properties of human skeletal muscle during stretch maneuvers. A review. Scand J Med Sci Sports. Apr 1998;8(2):65-77.
35. Mahieu NN, McNair P, De Muynck M, et al. Effect of static and ballistic stretching on the muscle-tendon tissue properties. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Mar 2007;39(3):494-501.
36. Malliaropoulos N, Papalexandris S, Papalada A, Papacostas E. The role of stretching in rehabilitation of hamstring injuries: 80 athletes follow-up. Med Sci Sports Exerc. May 2004;36(5):756-759.
37. Mason DL, Dickens V, Vail A. Rehabilitation for hamstring injuries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007(1):CD004575.
38. McCrory JL, Martin DF, Lowery RB, et al. Etiologic factors associated with Achilles tendinitis in runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Oct 1999;31(10):1374-1381.
39. Mika A, Mika P, Fernhall B, Unnithan VB. Comparison of recovery strategies on muscle performance after fatiguing exercise. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. Jun 2007;86(6):474-481.
40. Muir IW, Chesworth BM, Vandervoort AA. Effect of a static calf-stretching exercise on the resistive torque during passive ankle dorsiflexion in healthy subjects. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. Feb 1999;29(2):106-113; discussion 114-105.
41. Muraki T, Aoki M, Uchiyama E, Murakami G, Miyamoto S. The effect of arm position on stretching of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and posterior portion of deltoid muscles: a cadaveric study. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). Jun 2006;21(5):474-480.
42. Nelson AG, Driscoll NM, Landin DK, Young MA, Schexnayder IC. Acute effects of passive muscle stretching on sprint performance. J Sports Sci. May 2005;23(5):449-454.
43. Nelson AG, Kokkonen J, Arnall DA. Acute muscle stretching inhibits muscle strength endurance performance. J Strength Cond Res. May 2005;19(2):338-343.
44. Nelson AG, Kokkonen J, Eldredge C, Cornwell A, Glickman-Weiss E. Chronic stretching and running economy. Scand J Med Sci Sports. Oct 2001;11(5):260-265.
45. Oddis CV. New perspectives on osteoarthritis. Am J Med. Feb 26 1996;100(2A):10S-15S.
46. Rosenbaum D, Hennig EM. The influence of stretching and warm-up exercises on Achilles tendon reflex activity. J Sports Sci. Dec 1995;13(6):481-490.
47. Shrier I. Stretching before exercise does not reduce the risk of local muscle injury: a critical review of the clinical and basic science literature. Clin J Sport Med. Oct 1999;9(4):221-227.
48. Shrier I. Does stretching improve performance? A systematic and critical review of the literature. Clin J Sport Med. Sep 2004;14(5):267-273.
49. Thacker SB, Gilchrist J, Stroup DF, Kimsey CD, Jr. The impact of stretching on sports injury risk: a systematic review of the literature. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Mar 2004;36(3):371-378.
50. Unick J, Kieffer HS, Cheesman W, Feeney A. The acute effects of static and ballistic stretching on vertical jump performance in trained women. J Strength Cond Res. Feb 2005;19(1):206-212.
51. Usuba M, Miyanaga Y, Miyakawa S, Maeshima T, Shirasaki Y. Effect of heat in increasing the range of knee motion after the development of a joint contracture: an experiment with an animal model. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. Feb 2006;87(2):247-253.
52. van den Tillaar R. Will whole-body vibration training help increase the range of motion of the hamstrings? J Strength Cond Res. Feb 2006;20(1):192-196.
53. van der Esch M, Steultjens M, Knol DL, Dinant H, Dekker J. Joint laxity and the relationship between muscle strength and functional ability in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis Rheum. Dec 15 2006;55(6):953-959.
54. van der Esch M, Steultjens M, Wieringa H, Dinant H, Dekker J. Structural joint changes, malalignment, and laxity in osteoarthritis of the knee. Scand J Rheumatol. Jul-Aug 2005;34(4):298-301.
55. Verrall GM, Slavotinek JP, Barnes PG. The effect of sports specific training on reducing the incidence of hamstring injuries in professional Australian Rules football players. Br J Sports Med. Jun 2005;39(6):363-368.
56. Willy RW, Kyle BA, Moore SA, Chleboun GS. Effect of cessation and resumption of static hamstring muscle stretching on joint range of motion. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. Mar 2001;31(3):138-144.
57. Winters MV, Blake CG, Trost JS, et al. Passive versus active stretching of hip flexor muscles in subjects with limited hip extension: a randomized clinical trial. Phys Ther. Sep 2004;84(9):800-807.
58. Witvrouw E, Mahieu N, Danneels L, McNair P. Stretching and injury prevention: an obscure relationship. Sports Med. 2004;34(7):443-449.
59. Witvrouw E, Mahieu N, Roosen P, McNair P. The role of stretching in tendon injuries. Br J Sports Med. Apr 2007;41(4):224-226.
60. Witvrouw E, Mahieu N, Roosen P, McNair P. The role of stretching in tendon injuries. Br J Sports Med. Apr 2007;41(4):224-226.
61. Youdas JW, Krause DA, Egan KS, Therneau TM, Laskowski ER. The effect of static stretching of the calf muscle-tendon unit on active ankle dorsiflexion range of motion. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. Jul 2003;33(7):408-417.
62. Young W, Elias G, Power J. Effects of static stretching volume and intensity on plantar flexor explosive force production and range of motion. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. Sep 2006;46(3):403-411.


Chapter Four: Strength

1. Annesi JJ, Westcott WL. Relations of physical self-concept and muscular strength with resistance Exercise-induced Feeling State scores in older women. Percept Mot Skills. Feb 2007;104(1):183-190.
2. Anton MM, Cortez-Cooper MY, DeVan AE, Neidre DB, Cook JN, Tanaka H. Resistance training increases basal limb blood flow and vascular conductance in aging humans. J Appl Physiol. Nov 2006;101(5):1351-1355.
3. Baar K. Training for endurance and strength: lessons from cell signaling. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Nov 2006;38(11):1939-1944.
4. Barlas P, Robinson J, Allen J, Baxter GD. Lack of effect of acupuncture upon signs and symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness. Clin Physiol. Nov 2000;20(6):449-456.
5. Baum EE, Jarjoura D, Polen AE, Faur D, Rutecki G. Effectiveness of a group exercise program in a long-term care facility: a randomized pilot trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc. Mar-Apr 2003;4(2):74-80.
6. Bloomfield S, Smith S. ACSM's Exercise Management for Persons with Chronic Diseases and Disabilities. 2nd ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2003.
7. Borst SE. Interventions for sarcopenia and muscle weakness in older people. Age Ageing. Nov 2004;33(6):548-555.
8. Bottaro M, Machado SN, Nogueira W, Scales R, Veloso J. Effect of high versus low-velocity resistance training on muscular fitness and functional performance in older men. Eur J Appl Physiol. Feb 2007;99(3):257-264.
9. Brockett CL, Morgan DL, Proske U. Human hamstring muscles adapt to eccentric exercise by changing optimum length. Med Sci Sports Exerc. May 2001;33(5):783-790.
10. Brockett CL, Morgan DL, Proske U. Predicting hamstring strain injury in elite athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Mar 2004;36(3):379-387.
11. Candow DG, Chilibeck PD, Chad KE, Chrusch MJ, Davison KS, Burke DG. Effect of ceasing creatine supplementation while maintaining resistance training in older men. J Aging Phys Act. Jul 2004;12(3):219-231.
12. Carter JM, Bemben DA, Knehans AW, Bemben MG, Witten MS. Does nutritional supplementation influence adaptability of muscle to resistance training in men aged 48 to 72 years. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2005;28(2):40-47.
13. Chapman D, Newton M, Sacco P, Nosaka K. Greater muscle damage induced by fast versus slow velocity eccentric exercise. Int J Sports Med. Aug 2006;27(8):591-598.
14. Cohen ZA, Roglic H, Grelsamer RP, et al. Patellofemoral stresses during open and closed kinetic chain exercises. An analysis using computer simulation. Am J Sports Med. Jul-Aug 2001;29(4):480-487.
15. Cornelissen VA, Fagard RH. Effect of resistance training on resting blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Hypertens. Feb 2005;23(2):251-259.
16. Cussler EC, Lohman TG, Going SB, et al. Weight lifted in strength training predicts bone change in postmenopausal women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Jan 2003;35(1):10-17.
17. Cyarto EV, Brown WJ, Marshall AL. Retention, adherence and compliance: important considerations for home- and group-based resistance training programs for older adults. J Sci Med Sport. Oct 2006;9(5):402-412.
18. Daly RM, Dunstan DW, Owen N, Jolley D, Shaw JE, Zimmet PZ. Does high-intensity resistance training maintain bone mass during moderate weight loss in older overweight adults with type 2 diabetes? Osteoporos Int. Dec 2005;16(12):1703-1712.
19. de Vos NJ, Singh NA, Ross DA, Stavrinos TM, Orr R, Fiatarone Singh MA. Optimal load for increasing muscle power during explosive resistance training in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. May 2005;60(5):638-647.
20. Delecluse C, Colman V, Roelants M, et al. Exercise programs for older men: mode and intensity to induce the highest possible health-related benefits. Prev Med. Oct 2004;39(4):823-833.
21. Deschenes MR, Kraemer WJ. Performance and physiologic adaptations to resistance training. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. Nov 2002;81(11 Suppl):S3-16.
22. Dorey G, Speakman MJ, Feneley RC, Swinkels A, Dunn CD. Pelvic floor exercises for erectile dysfunction. BJU Int. Sep 2005;96(4):595-597.
23. Eston R, Peters D. Effects of cold water immersion on the symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage. J Sports Sci. Mar 1999;17(3):231-238.
24. Eston RG, Finney S, Baker S, Baltzopoulos V. Muscle tenderness and peak torque changes after downhill running following a prior bout of isokinetic eccentric exercise. J Sports Sci. Aug 1996;14(4):291-299.
25. Fatouros IG, Kambas A, Katrabasas I, et al. Resistance training and detraining effects on flexibility performance in the elderly are intensity-dependent. J Strength Cond Res. Aug 2006;20(3):634-642.
26. Flanagan S, Salem GJ, Wang MY, Sanker SE, Greendale GA. Squatting exercises in older adults: kinematic and kinetic comparisons. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Apr 2003;35(4):635-643.
27. Galvao DA, Taaffe DR. Resistance exercise dosage in older adults: single- versus multiset effects on physical performance and body composition. J Am Geriatr Soc. Dec 2005;53(12):2090-2097.
28. Hakkinen K, Kraemer WJ, Pakarinen A, et al. Effects of heavy resistance/power training on maximal strength, muscle morphology, and hormonal response patterns in 60-75-year-old men and women. Can J Appl Physiol. Jun 2002;27(3):213-231.
29. Hartman MJ, Fields DA, Byrne NM, Hunter GR. Resistance training improves metabolic economy during functional tasks in older adults. J Strength Cond Res. Feb 2007;21(1):91-95.
30. Heislein DM, Harris BA, Jette AM. A strength training program for postmenopausal women: a pilot study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. Feb 1994;75(2):198-204.
31. Henwood TR, Taaffe DR. Improved physical performance in older adults undertaking a short-term programme of high-velocity resistance training. Gerontology. Mar-Apr 2005;51(2):108-115.
32. Henwood TR, Taaffe DR. Short-term resistance training and the older adult: the effect of varied programmes for the enhancement of muscle strength and functional performance. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. Sep 2006;26(5):305-313.
33. Hickson RC. Interference of strength development by simultaneously training for strength and endurance. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1980;45(2-3):255-263.
34. Hickson RC, Dvorak BA, Gorostiaga EM, Kurowski TT, Foster C. Potential for strength and endurance training to amplify endurance performance. J Appl Physiol. Nov 1988;65(5):2285-2290.
35. High DM, Howley ET, Franks BD. The effects of static stretching and warm-up on prevention of delayed-onset muscle soreness. Res Q Exerc Sport. Dec 1989;60(4):357-361.
36. Hunter GR, Wetzstein CJ, Fields DA, Brown A, Bamman MM. Resistance training increases total energy expenditure and free-living physical activity in older adults. J Appl Physiol. Sep 2000;89(3):977-984.
37. Jette AM, Lachman M, Giorgetti MM, et al. Exercise--it's never too late: the strong-for-life program. Am J Public Health. Jan 1999;89(1):66-72.
38. Kalapotharakos VI, Tokmakidis SP, Smilios I, Michalopoulos M, Gliatis J, Godolias G. Resistance training in older women: effect on vertical jump and functional performance. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. Dec 2005;45(4):570-575.
39. Keeler LK, Finkelstein LH, Miller W, Fernhall B. Early-phase adaptations of traditional-speed vs. superslow resistance training on strength and aerobic capacity in sedentary individuals. J Strength Cond Res. Aug 2001;15(3):309-314.
40. Kelley GA, Kelley KS. Progressive resistance exercise and resting blood pressure : A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hypertension. Mar 2000;35(3):838-843.
41. Kemmler WK, Lauber D, Wassermann A, Mayhew JL. Predicting maximal strength in trained postmenopausal woman. J Strength Cond Res. Nov 2006;20(4):838-842.
42. Ratamess NA, Alvar BA, Evetoch TK, Housh TJ, Kibler WB, Kraemer WJ, Triplett NT. ACSM Position Stand: Progression Models in Resistance Training for Healthy Adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2009: 687-708.
43. Kraemer WJ, Staron RS, Hagerman FC, et al. The effects of short-term resistance training on endocrine function in men and women. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. Jun 1998;78(1):69-76.
44. Kuligowski LA, Lephart SM, Giannantonio FP, Blanc RO. Effect of Whirlpool Therapy on the Signs and Symptoms of Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness. J Athl Train. Jul 1998;33(3):222-228.
45. Lieber R. Skeletal Muscle Structure, Function & Plasticity. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002.
46. Maeda S, Otsuki T, Iemitsu M, et al. Effects of leg resistance training on arterial function in older men. Br J Sports Med. Oct 2006;40(10):867-869.
47. Manor B, Topp R, Page P. Validity and reliability of measurements of elbow flexion strength obtained from older adults using elastic bands. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2006;29(1):18-21.
48. Martel GF, Hurlbut DE, Lott ME, et al. Strength training normalizes resting blood pressure in 65- to 73-year-old men and women with high normal blood pressure. J Am Geriatr Soc. Oct 1999;47(10):1215-1221.
49. Martinez-Silvestrini JA, Newcomer KL, Gay RE, Schaefer MP, Kortebein P, Arendt KW. Chronic lateral epicondylitis: comparative effectiveness of a home exercise program including stretching alone versus stretching supplemented with eccentric or concentric strengthening. J Hand Ther. Oct-Dec 2005;18(4):411-419, quiz 420.
50. Marx JO, Ratamess NA, Nindl BC, et al. Low-volume circuit versus high-volume periodized resistance training in women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Apr 2001;33(4):635-643.
51. Mazzeo R, Cavanaugh P, Evans W, et al. ACSM Position Stand: Exercise and Physical Activity for Older Adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 1998;30(6).
52. McArdle W, Katch F, Katch V. Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition & Human Performance. 6th ed. Philadelphi, PA: Lippincott Williams & Williams; 2007.
53. Metter EJ, Talbot LA, Schrager M, Conwit R. Skeletal muscle strength as a predictor of all-cause mortality in healthy men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. Oct 2002;57(10):B359-365.
54. Metter EJ, Talbot LA, Schrager M, Conwit R. Skeletal muscle strength as a predictor of all-cause mortality in healthy men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. Oct 2002;57(10):B359-365.
55. Mikesky AE, Topp R, Wigglesworth JK, Harsha DM, Edwards JE. Efficacy of a home-based training program for older adults using elastic tubing. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1994;69(4):316-320.
56. Mishra DK, Friden J, Schmitz MC, Lieber RL. Anti-inflammatory medication after muscle injury. A treatment resulting in short-term improvement but subsequent loss of muscle function. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Oct 1995;77(10):1510-1519.
57. Morgan DL, Proske U. Popping sarcomere hypothesis explains stretch-induced muscle damage. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. Aug 2004;31(8):541-545.
58. Nader GA. Concurrent strength and endurance training: from molecules to man. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Nov 2006;38(11):1965-1970.
59. Narici MV, Reeves ND, Morse CI, Maganaris CN. Muscular adaptations to resistance exercise in the elderly. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. Jun 2004;4(2):161-164.
60. Nosaka K, Newton M. Repeated eccentric exercise bouts do not exacerbate muscle damage and repair. J Strength Cond Res. Feb 2002;16(1):117-122.
61. Nosaka K, Newton M. Is recovery from muscle damage retarded by a subsequent bout of eccentric exercise inducing larger decreases in force? J Sci Med Sport. Sep 2002;5(3):204-218.
62. Nosaka K, Newton MJ, Sacco P. Attenuation of protective effect against eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage. Can J Appl Physiol. Oct 2005;30(5):529-542.
63. Nosaka K, Sakamoto K, Newton M, Sacco P. How long does the protective effect on eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage last? Med Sci Sports Exerc. Sep 2001;33(9):1490-1495.
64. Nosaka K, Sakamoto K, Newton M, Sacco P. The repeated bout effect of reduced-load eccentric exercise on elbow flexor muscle damage. Eur J Appl Physiol. Jul 2001;85(1-2):34-40.
65. Ochala J, Lambertz D, Van Hoecke J, Pousson M. Changes in muscle and joint elasticity following long-term strength training in old age. Eur J Appl Physiol. Jul 2007;100(5):491-498.
66. Orr R, de Vos NJ, Singh NA, Ross DA, Stavrinos TM, Fiatarone-Singh MA. Power training improves balance in healthy older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. Jan 2006;61(1):78-85.
67. Paddon-Jones DJ, Quigley BM. Effect of cryotherapy on muscle soreness and strength following eccentric exercise. Int J Sports Med. Nov 1997;18(8):588-593.
68. Pescatello LS, Franklin BA, Fagard R, Farquhar WB, Kelley GA, Ray CA. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and hypertension. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Mar 2004;36(3):533-553.
69. Pollack M, Gaesser G, Butcher J, et al. ACSM Position Stand: The Recommended Quantity and Quality of Exercise For Developing and Maintaining Cardiorespiratory and Muscular Fitness, and Flexibility in Healthy Adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 1998;30(6):975-991.
70. Porter MM. Power training for older adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. Apr 2006;31(2):87-94.
71. Proske U, Allen TJ. Damage to skeletal muscle from eccentric exercise. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. Apr 2005;33(2):98-104.
72. Proske U, Morgan DL. Muscle damage from eccentric exercise: mechanism, mechanical signs, adaptation and clinical applications. J Physiol. Dec 1 2001;537(Pt 2):333-345.
73. Proske U, Morgan DL, Brockett CL, Percival P. Identifying athletes at risk of hamstring strains and how to protect them. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. Aug 2004;31(8):546-550.
74. Rahnama N, Rahmani-Nia F, Ebrahim K. The isolated and combined effects of selected physical activity and ibuprofen on delayed-onset muscle soreness. J Sports Sci. Aug 2005;23(8):843-850.
75. Simoneau GG, Bereda SM, Sobush DC, Starsky AJ. Biomechanics of elastic resistance in therapeutic exercise programs. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. Jan 2001;31(1):16-24.
76. Singh NA, Stavrinos TM, Scarbek Y, Galambos G, Liber C, Fiatarone Singh MA. A randomized controlled trial of high versus low intensity weight training versus general practitioner care for clinical depression in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. Jun 2005;60(6):768-776.
77. Skelton DA, Young A, Greig CA, Malbut KE. Effects of resistance training on strength, power, and selected functional abilities of women aged 75 and older. J Am Geriatr Soc. Oct 1995;43(10):1081-1087.
78. Smith K, Winegard K, Hicks AL, McCartney N. Two years of resistance training in older men and women: the effects of three years of detraining on the retention of dynamic strength. Can J Appl Physiol. Jun 2003;28(3):462-474.
79. Song YJ, Sawamura M, Ikeda K, Igawa S, Nara Y, Yamori Y. Training in swimming reduces blood pressure and increases muscle glucose transport activity as well as GLUT4 contents in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Appl Human Sci. Nov 1998;17(6):275-280.
80. Stengel SV, Kemmler W, Pintag R, et al. Power training is more effective than strength training for maintaining bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. J Appl Physiol. Jul 2005;99(1):181-188.
81. Stewart KJ, Bacher AC, Turner KL, et al. Effect of exercise on blood pressure in older persons: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. Apr 11 2005;165(7):756-762.
82. Takeshima N, Rogers ME, Islam MM, Yamauchi T, Watanabe E, Okada A. Effect of concurrent aerobic and resistance circuit exercise training on fitness in older adults. Eur J Appl Physiol. Oct 2004;93(1-2):173-182.
83. Tanaka H, Bassett DR, Jr., Howley ET, Thompson DL, Ashraf M, Rawson FL. Swimming training lowers the resting blood pressure in individuals with hypertension. J Hypertens. Jun 1997;15(6):651-657.
84. Thomas M, Muller T, Busse MW. Quantification of tension in Thera-Band and Cando tubing at different strains and starting lengths. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. Jun 2005;45(2):188-198.
85. Topp R, Mikesky A, Wigglesworth J, Holt W, Jr., Edwards JE. The effect of a 12-week dynamic resistance strength training program on gait velocity and balance of older adults. Gerontologist. Aug 1993;33(4):501-506.
86. Wallace BJ, Winchester JB, McGuigan MR. Effects of elastic bands on force and power characteristics during the back squat exercise. J Strength Cond Res. May 2006;20(2):268-272.
87. Wallace JP. Exercise in hypertension. A clinical review. Sports Med. 2003;33(8):585-598.
88. Walsh LD, Allen TJ, Gandevia SC, Proske U. Effect of eccentric exercise on position sense at the human forearm in different postures. J Appl Physiol. Apr 2006;100(4):1109-1116.
89. Williamson DL, Kirwan JP. A single bout of concentric resistance exercise increases basal metabolic rate 48 hours after exercise in healthy 59-77-year-old men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. Nov 1997;52(6):M352-355.
90. Zainuddin Z, Newton M, Sacco P, Nosaka K. Effects of massage on delayed-onset muscle soreness, swelling, and recovery of muscle function. J Athl Train. Jul-Sep 2005;40(3):174-180.
92. Zainuddin Z, Sacco P, Newton M, Nosaka K. Light concentric exercise has a temporarily analgesic effect on delayed-onset muscle soreness, but no effect on recovery from eccentric exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. Apr 2006;31(2):126-134.



Chapter Five: Strong Bones

1. ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.
2. Asikainen TM, Kukkonen-Harjula K, Miilunpalo S. Exercise for health for early postmenopausal women: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Sports Med. 2004;34(11):753-778.
3. Baker JR, Bemben MG, Anderson MA, Bemben DA. Effects of age on testosterone responses to resistance exercise and musculoskeletal variables in men. J Strength Cond Res. Nov 2006;20(4):874-881.
4. Bloomfield SA. ACSM's Exercise Management for Persons with Chronic Diseases and Disabilities. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 1997.
5. Cussler EC, Lohman TG, Going SB, et al. Weight lifted in strength training predicts bone change in postmenopausal women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Jan 2003;35(1):10-17.
6. Engelke K, Kemmler W, Lauber D, Beeskow C, Pintag R, Kalender WA. Exercise maintains bone density at spine and hip EFOPS: a 3-year longitudinal study in early postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. Jan 2006;17(1):133-142.
7. Evans WJ. Exercise training guidelines for the elderly. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Jan 1999;31(1):12-17.
8. Henderson NK, White CP, Eisman JA. The roles of exercise and fall risk reduction in the prevention of osteoporosis. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. Jun 1998;27(2):369-387.
9. Humphries B, Newton RU, Bronks R, et al. Effect of exercise intensity on bone density, strength, and calcium turnover in older women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Jun 2000;32(6):1043-1050.
10. Humphries B, Triplett-McBride T, Newton RU, et al. The relationship between dynamic, isokinetic and isometric strength and bone mineral density in a population of 45 to 65 year old women. J Sci Med Sport. Dec 1999;2(4):364-374.
11. Issever H, Aksoy C, Sabuncu H, Karan A. Vibration and its effects on the body. Med Princ Pract. Jan-Mar 2003;12(1):34-38.
12. Kerr D, Ackland T, Maslen B, Morton A, Prince R. Resistance training over 2 years increases bone mass in calcium-replete postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res. Jan 2001;16(1):175-181.
13. Kohrt WM, Bloomfield SA, Little KD, Nelson ME, Yingling VR. American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand: physical activity and bone health. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Nov 2004;36(11):1985-1996.
14. Layne JE, Nelson ME. The effects of progressive resistance training on bone density: a review. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Jan 1999;31(1):25-30.
15. Liu-Ambrose TY, Khan KM, Eng JJ, Heinonen A, McKay HA. Both resistance and agility training increase cortical bone density in 75- to 85-year-old women with low bone mass: a 6-month randomized controlled trial. J Clin Densitom. Winter 2004;7(4):390-398.
16. Maddalozzo GF, Snow CM. High intensity resistance training: effects on bone in older men and women. Calcif Tissue Int. Jun 2000;66(6):399-404.
17. Martyn-St James M, Carroll S. High-intensity resistance training and postmenopausal bone loss: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2006;17(8):1225-1240.
18. Metcalfe LL, Lohman TG, Going SB, et al. Postmenopausal Women and Exercise for Prevention of Osteoporosis: The Bone, Estrogen, Strength Training (BEST) Study. ACSM's Health & Fitness Journal. 2001;5(3):6-14.
19. Milliken LA, Going SB, Houtkooper LB, et al. Effects of exercise training on bone remodeling, insulin-like growth factors, and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with and without hormone replacement therapy. Calcif Tissue Int. Apr 2003;72(4):478-484.
20. Rhodes EC, Martin AD, Taunton JE, Donnelly M, Warren J, Elliot J. Effects of one year of resistance training on the relation between muscular strength and bone density in elderly women. Br J Sports Med. Feb 2000;34(1):18-22.
21. Snow-Harter C, Whalen R, Myburgh K, Arnaud S, Marcus R. Bone mineral density, muscle strength, and recreational exercise in men. J Bone Miner Res. Nov 1992;7(11):1291-1296.
22. Stengel SV, Kemmler W, Pintag R, et al. Power training is more effective than strength training for maintaining bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. J Appl Physiol. Jul 2005;99(1):181-188.
23. Taaffe DR, Robinson TL, Snow CM, Marcus R. High-impact exercise promotes bone gain in well-trained female athletes. J Bone Miner Res. Feb 1997;12(2):255-260.
24. Verschueren SM, Roelants M, Delecluse C, Swinnen S, Vanderschueren D, Boonen S. Effect of 6-month whole body vibration training on hip density, muscle strength, and postural control in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled pilot study. J Bone Miner Res. Mar 2004;19(3):352-359.
25. Verschueren SM, Roelants M, Delecluse C, Swinnen S, Vanderschueren D, Boonen S. Effect of 6-month whole body vibration training on hip density, muscle strength, and postural control in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled pilot study. J Bone Miner Res. Mar 2004;19(3):352-359.
26. Winters KM, Snow CM. Detraining reverses positive effects of exercise on the musculoskeletal system in premenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res. Dec 2000;15(12):2495-2503.
27. Winters-Stone KM, Snow CM. Site-specific response of bone to exercise in premenopausal women. Bone. Dec 2006;39(6):1203-1209.
28.  Kohrt WM, Bloomfield SA, Little KD, Nelson ME, Yingling VR. American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand: physical activity and bone health. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Nov 2004;36(11):1985-1996.

 
Chapter Six: Foot and Ankle

1. Akfirat M, Sen C, Gunes T. Ultrasonographic appearance of the plantar fasciitis. Clin Imaging. Sep-Oct 2003;27(5):353-357.
2. Alfredson H, Lorentzon R. Chronic Achilles tendinosis: recommendations for treatment and prevention. Sports Med. Feb 2000;29(2):135-146.
3. Alfredson H, Lorentzon R. Chronic Achilles tendinosis: recommendations for treatment and prevention. Sports Med. Feb 2000;29(2):135-146.
4. Barrett SL, Day SV, Pignetti TT, Egly BR. Endoscopic heel anatomy: analysis of 200 fresh frozen specimens. J Foot Ankle Surg. Jan-Feb 1995;34(1):51-56.
5. Barrett SL, Day SV, Pignetti TT, Egly BR. Endoscopic heel anatomy: analysis of 200 fresh frozen specimens. J Foot Ankle Surg. Jan-Feb 1995;34(1):51-56.
6. Brown GP, Donatelli R, Catlin PA, Wooden MJ. The effect of two types of foot orthoses on rearfoot mechanics. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. May 1995;21(5):258-267.
7. Chazerain P, Hayem G, Hamza S, Best C, Ziza JM. Four cases of tendinopathy in patients on statin therapy. Joint Bone Spine. Oct 2001;68(5):430-433.
8. Chen YJ, Wang CJ, Yang KD, et al. Extracorporeal shock waves promote healing of collagenase-induced Achilles tendinitis and increase TGF-beta1 and IGF-I expression. J Orthop Res. Jul 2004;22(4):854-861.
9. Collins N, Teys P, Vicenzino B. The initial effects of a Mulligan's mobilization with movement technique on dorsiflexion and pain in subacute ankle sprains. Man Ther. May 2004;9(2):77-82.
10. Cornwall M, McPoil T. The effect of foot orthotics on the initiation of plantar surface loading. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). Apr 1997;12(3):S4.
11. Cornwall MW, McPoil TG. The influence of tibialis anterior muscle activity on rearfoot motion during walking. Foot Ankle Int. Feb 1994;15(2):75-79.
12. Cornwall MW, McPoil TG. Footwear and foot orthotic effectiveness research: a new approach. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. Jun 1995;21(6):337-344.
13. Cornwall MW, McPoil TG. Three-dimensional movement of the foot during the stance phase of walking. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. Feb 1999;89(2):56-66.
14. Cornwall MW, McPoil TG. Relative movement of the navicular bone during normal walking. Foot Ankle Int. Aug 1999;20(8):507-512.
15. Cornwall MW, McPoil TG. Reliability and validity of center-of-pressure quantification. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. Mar-Apr 2003;93(2):142-149.
16. Corrao G, Zambon A, Bertu L, et al. Evidence of tendinitis provoked by fluoroquinolone treatment: a case-control study. Drug Saf. 2006;29(10):889-896.
17. Coughlin MJ, Jones CP. Hallux valgus: demographics, etiology, and radiographic assessment. Foot Ankle Int. Jul 2007;28(7):759-777.
18. Dawson J, Thorogood M, Marks SA, et al. The prevalence of foot problems in older women: a cause for concern. J Public Health Med. Jun 2002;24(2):77-84.
19. de Noronha M, Refshauge KM, Herbert RD, Kilbreath SL, Hertel J. Do voluntary strength, proprioception, range of motion, or postural sway predict occurrence of lateral ankle sprain? Br J Sports Med. Oct 2006;40(10):824-828; discussion 828.
20. de Vries JS, Krips R, Sierevelt IN, Blankevoort L. Interventions for treating chronic ankle instability. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006(4):CD004124.
21. DiGiovanni BF, Nawoczenski DA, Lintal ME, et al. Tissue-specific plantar fascia-stretching exercise enhances outcomes in patients with chronic heel pain. A prospective, randomized study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Jul 2003;85-A(7):1270-1277.
22. Divert C, Mornieux G, Baur H, Mayer F, Belli A. Mechanical comparison of barefoot and shod running. Int J Sports Med. Sep 2005;26(7):593-598.
23. Eng JJ, Pierrynowski MR. Evaluation of soft foot orthotics in the treatment of patellofemoral pain syndrome. Phys Ther. Feb 1993;73(2):62-68; discussion 68-70.
24. Fahlstrom M, Jonsson P, Lorentzon R, Alfredson H. Chronic Achilles tendon pain treated with eccentric calf-muscle training. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. Sep 2003;11(5):327-333.
25. Fisher P. Role of steroids in tendon rupture or disintegration known for decades. Arch Intern Med. Mar 22 2004;164(6):678.
26. Fuller EA. The windlass mechanism of the foot. A mechanical model to explain pathology. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. Jan 2000;90(1):35-46.
27. Fyfe I, Stanish WD. The use of eccentric training and stretching in the treatment and prevention of tendon injuries. Clin Sports Med. Jul 1992;11(3):601-624.
28. Greene BL. Physical therapist management of fluoroquinolone-induced Achilles tendinopathy. Phys Ther. Dec 2002;82(12):1224-1231.
29. Gross MT, Liu HY. The role of ankle bracing for prevention of ankle sprain injuries. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. Oct 2003;33(10):572-577.
30. Gudeman SD, Eisele SA, Heidt RS, Jr., Colosimo AJ, Stroupe AL. Treatment of plantar fasciitis by iontophoresis of 0.4% dexamethasone. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Sports Med. May-Jun 1997;25(3):312-316.
31. Haddad-Zebouni S, Elia D, Aoun N, Okais J, Ghossain M. [Regression of Morton neuroma after local injection of steroids]. J Radiol. May 2006;87(5):566-568.
32. Hammer DS, Adam F, Kreutz A, Kohn D, Seil R. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) in patients with chronic proximal plantar fasciitis: a 2-year follow-up. Foot Ankle Int. Nov 2003;24(11):823-828.
33. Holmes GB, Lin J. Etiologic factors associated with symptomatic achilles tendinopathy. Foot Ankle Int. Nov 2006;27(11):952-959.
34. Hunt AE, Smith RM. Mechanics and control of the flat versus normal foot during the stance phase of walking. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). May 2004;19(4):391-397.
35. Hyland MR, Webber-Gaffney A, Cohen L, Lichtman PT. Randomized controlled trial of calcaneal taping, sham taping, and plantar fascia stretching for the short-term management of plantar heel pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. Jun 2006;36(6):364-371.
36. Irving DB, Cook JL, Menz HB. Factors associated with chronic plantar heel pain: a systematic review. J Sci Med Sport. May 2006;9(1-2):11-22; discussion 23-14.
37. Jozsa L, Kannus P. Human Tendons: Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 1997.
38. Kavanagh J. Is there a positional fault at the inferior tibiofibular joint in patients with acute or chronic ankle sprains compared to normals? Man Ther. Feb 1999;4(1):19-24.
39. Kelly A, Wainwright A, Winson I. Spur formation and heel pain. Clin Orthop Relat Res. Oct 1995(319):330.
40. Kernozek TW, Greer NL. Quadriceps angle and rearfoot motion: relationships in walking. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. Apr 1993;74(4):407-410.
41. Kingma JJ, de Knikker R, Wittink HM, Takken T. Eccentric overload training in patients with chronic Achilles tendinopathy: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. Jun 2007;41(6):e3.
42. Knobloch K. Eccentric training in Achilles tendinopathy: is it harmful to tendon microcirculation? Br J Sports Med. Jun 2007;41(6):e2; discussion e2.
43. Knobloch K, Kraemer R, Jagodzinski M, Zeichen J, Meller R, Vogt PM. Eccentric training decreases paratendon capillary blood flow and preserves paratendon oxygen saturation in chronic achilles tendinopathy. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. May 2007;37(5):269-276.
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80. Magnusson SP, Narici MV, Maganaris CN, Kjaer M. Human tendon behaviour and adaptation, in vivo. J Physiol. Jan 1 2008;586(1):71-81.
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84. Ishikawa M, Komi PV, Grey MJ, Lepola V, Bruggemann GP. Muscle-tendon interaction and elastic energy usage in human walking. J Appl Physiol. Aug 2005;99(2):603-608.
85. Maganaris CN, Paul JP. Tensile properties of the in vivo human gastrocnemius tendon. J Biomech. Dec 2002;35(12):1639-1646.
86. Lichtwark GA, Wilson AM. In vivo mechanical properties of the human Achilles tendon during one-legged hopping. J Exp Biol. Dec 2005;208(Pt 24):4715-4725.
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91. Wilmink J, Wilson AM, Goodship AE. Functional significance of the morphology and micromechanics of collagen fibres in relation to partial rupture of the superficial digital flexor tendon in racehorses. Res Vet Sci. Nov 1992;53(3):354-359.
92. Magnusson SP, Qvortrup K, Larsen JO, et al. Collagen fibril size and crimp morphology in ruptured and intact Achilles tendons. Matrix Biol. 2002;21:369-377.
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94. Wren TA, Lindsey DP, Beaupre GS, Carter DR. Effects of creep and cyclic loading on the mechanical properties and failure of human Achilles tendons. Ann Biomed Eng. Jun 2003;31(6):710-717.
95. Maganaris CN, Reeves ND, Rittweger J, et al. Adaptive response of human tendon to paralysis. Muscle Nerve. Jan 2006;33(1):85-92.
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97. Kubo K, Akima H, Ushiyama J, et al. Effects of 20 days of bed rest on the viscoelastic properties of tendon structures in lower limb muscles. Br J Sports Med. Jun 2004;38(3):324-330.
98. Kubo K, Akima H, Ushiyama J, et al. Effects of resistance training during bed rest on the viscoelastic properties of tendon structures in the lower limb. Scand J Med Sci Sports. Oct 2004;14(5):296-302.
99. Reeves ND, Maganaris CN, Ferretti G, Narici MV. Influence of 90-day simulated microgravity on human tendon mechanical properties and the effect of resistive countermeasures. J Appl Physiol. Jun 2005;98(6):2278-2286.
100. Reeves ND, Narici MV, Maganaris CN. Myotendinous plasticity to ageing and resistance exercise in humans. Exp Physiol. May 2006;91(3):483-498.
101. Rosager S, Aagaard P, Dyhre-Poulsen P, Neergaard K, Kjaer M, Magnusson SP. Load-displacement properties of the human triceps surae aponeurosis and tendon in runners and non-runners. Scand J Med Sci Sports. Apr 2002;12(2):90-98.
102. Hansen P, Aagaard P, Kjaer M, Larsson B, Magnusson SP. Effect of habitual running on human Achilles tendon load-deformation properties and cross-sectional area. J Appl Physiol. Dec 2003;95(6):2375-2380.
103. Kubo K, Kanehisa H, Fukunaga T. Effects of resistance and stretching training programmes on the viscoelastic properties of human tendon structures in vivo. Journal of Physiology. 2002;538(1):219-226.
104. Mahieu NN, McNair P, De Muynick M, et al. Effect of static and ballistic stretching on the muscle-tendon tissue properties. Medicine and Science in Sports & Exercise. 2007:494-497.
105. Mahieu NN, Cools A, De Wilde B, Boon M, Witvrouw E. Effect of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching on the plantar flexor muscle-tendon tissue properties. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2008.
106. Clain MR, Baxter DE. Achilles tendinitis. Foot Ankle. Oct 1992;13(8):482-487.
107. Magnussen RA, Dunn WR, Thomson AB. Nonoperative treatment of midportion Achilles tendinopathy: a systematic review. Clin J Sport Med. Jan 2009;19(1):54-64.
108. Paavola M, Kannus P, Paakkala T, Pasanen M, Jarvinen M. Long-term prognosis of patients with achilles tendinopathy. An observational 8-year follow-up study. Am J Sports Med. Sep-Oct 2000;28(5):634-642.
109. Neeter C, Thomee R, Silbernagel KG, Thomee P, Karlsson J. Iontophoresis with or without dexamethazone in the treatment of acute Achilles tendon pain. Scand J Med Sci Sports. Dec 2003;13(6):376-382.
110. Magnussen R, Dunn W, Thomson A. Non-operative treatment of midportion Achilles tendinopathy: a systematic review. Clin J Sports. 2009;19(1):54-64.
111. Paavola M, Kannus P, Jarvinen TA, Jarvinen TL, Jozsa L, Jarvinen M. Treatment of tendon disorders. Is there a role for corticosteroid injection? Foot Ankle Clin. Sep 2002;7(3):501-513.
112. Tsai WC, Tang FT, Wong MK, Pang JH. Inhibition of tendon cell migration by dexamethasone is correlated with reduced alpha-smooth muscle actin gene expression: a potential mechanism of delayed tendon healing. J Orthop Res. Mar 2003;21(2):265-271.
113. Martin DF, Carlson CS, Berry J, Reboussin BA, Gordon ES, Smith BP. Effect of injected versus iontophoretic corticosteroid on the rabbit tendon. South Med J. Jun 1999;92(6):600-608.
114. Fahlstrom M, Jonsson P, Lorentzon R, Alfredson H. Chronic Achilles tendon pain treated with eccentric calf-muscle training. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. Sep 2003;11(5):327-333.
115. Alfredson H, Pietila T, Jonsson P, Lorentzon R. Heavy-load eccentric calf muscle training for the treatment of chronic Achilles tendinosis. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1998;26(3):360-366.
116. Silbernagel K, Thomee R, Thomee P, Karlsson J. Eccentric overload training for patients with chronic Achilles tendon pain- a randomised controlled study with reliability testing of the evaluation methods. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2001;11:197-206.
117. Petersen W, Welp R, Rosenbaum D. Chronic Achilles tendinopathy: a prospective randomized study comparing the therapeutic effect of eccentric training, the AirHeel brace, and a combination of both. Am J Sports Med. Oct 2007;35(10):1659-1667.
118. Knobloch K, Schreibmueller L, Longo UG, Vogt PM. Eccentric exercises for the management of tendinopathy of the main body of the Achilles tendon with or without the AirHeeltrade mark Brace. A randomized controlled trial. A: Effects on pain and microcirculation. Disabil Rehabil. 2008;30(20):1685-1691.
119. Maffulli N, Walley G, Sayana MK, Longo UG, Denaro V. Eccentric calf muscle training in athletic patients with Achilles tendinopathy. Disabil Rehabil. May 10 2008:1-8.
120. Stanish WD, Rubinovich RM, Curwin S. Eccentric exercise in chronic tendinitis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. Jul 1986(208):65-68.
121. Mafi N, Lorentzon R, Alfredson H. Superior short-term results with eccentric calf muscle training compared to concentric training in a randomized prospective multicenter study on patients with chronic Achilles tendinosis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2001;9(1):42-47.
122. Roos EM, Engstrom M, Lagerquist A, Soderberg B. Clinical improvement after 6 weeks of eccentric exercise in patients with mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy -- a randomized trial with 1-year follow-up. Scand J Med Sci Sports. Oct 2004;14(5):286-295.
123. Ohberg L, Lorentzon R, Alfredson H. Neovascularisation in Achilles tendons with painful tendinosis but not in normal tendons: an ultrasonographic investigation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. Jul 2001;9(4):233-238.
124. Ohberg L, Lorentzon R, Alfredson H. Eccentric training in patients with chronic Achilles tendinosis: normalised tendon structure and decreased thickness at follow up. Br J Sports Med. Feb 2004;38(1):8-11; discussion 11.
125. Jonsson P, Alfredson H, Sunding K, Fahlstrom M, Cook J. New regimen for eccentric calf-muscle training in patients with chronic insertional Achilles tendinopathy: results of a pilot study. Br J Sports Med. Sep 2008;42(9):746-749.
126. Alfredson H, Pietila T, Jonsson P, Lorentzon R. Heavy-load eccentric calf muscle training for the treatment of chronic Achilles tendinosis. Am J Sports Med. May-Jun 1998;26(3):360-366.
127. Knobloch K. Eccentric rehabilitation exercise increases peritendinous type I collagen synthesis in humans with Achilles tendinosis. Scand J Med Sci Sports. Jun 2007;17(3):298-299.
128. Langberg H, Ellingsgaard H, Madsen T, et al. Eccentric rehabilitation exercise increases peritendinous type I collagen synthesis in humans with Achilles tendinosis. Scand J Med Sci Sports. Feb 2007;17(1):61-66.
129. Knobloch K, Kraemer R, Jagodzinski M, Zeichen J, Meller R, Vogt PM. Eccentric training decreases paratendon capillary blood flow and preserves paratendon oxygen saturation in chronic achilles tendinopathy. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. May 2007;37(5):269-276.
130. Rees JD, Lichtwark GA, Wolman RL, Wilson AM. The mechanism for efficacy of eccentric loading in Achilles tendon injury; an in vivo study in humans. Rheumatology (Oxford). Oct 2008;47(10):1493-1497.
131. Rubin C, Turner AS, Bain S, Mallinckrodt C, McLeod K. Anabolism. Low mechanical signals strengthen long bones. Nature. Aug 9 2001;412(6847):603-604.
132. Mahieu NN, McNair P, Cools A, D'Haen C, Vandermeulen K, Witvrouw E. Effect of eccentric training on the plantar flexor muscle-tendon tissue properties. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Jan 2008;40(1):117-123.
133. Alfredson H, Pietila T, Lorentzon R. Chronic Achilles tendinitis and calf muscle strength. Am J Sports Med. Nov-Dec 1996;24(6):829-833.
134. Green B. Physical therapist management of fluoroquinolone-induced Achilles tendinopathy. Physical Therapy. 2002;82(12):1224-1231.
135. Lee KH, Matteliano A, Medige J, Smiehorowski T. Electromyographic changes of leg muscles with heel lift: therapeutic implications. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. May 1987;68(5 Pt 1):298-301.


Chapter Seven: The Knee

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3. Assimakopoulos AP, Katonis PG, Agapitos MV, Exarchou EI. The innervation of the human meniscus. Clin Orthop Relat Res. Feb 1992(275):232-236.
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6. Christoforakis J, Pradhan R, Sanchez-Ballester J, Hunt N, Strachan RK. Is there an association between articular cartilage changes and degenerative meniscus tears? Arthroscopy. Nov 2005;21(11):1366-1369.
7. Cicuttini FM, Forbes A, Yuanyuan W, Rush G, Stuckey SL. Rate of knee cartilage loss after partial meniscectomy. J Rheumatol. Sep 2002;29(9):1954-1956.
8. Clegg DO, Reda DJ, Harris CL, et al. Glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and the two in combination for painful knee osteoarthritis. N Engl J Med. Feb 23 2006;354(8):795-808.
9. Coggon D, Reading I, Croft P, McLaren M, Barrett D, Cooper C. Knee osteoarthritis and obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. May 2001;25(5):622-627.
10. Cohen ZA, Roglic H, Grelsamer RP, et al. Patellofemoral stresses during open and closed kinetic chain exercises. An analysis using computer simulation. Am J Sports Med. Jul-Aug 2001;29(4):480-487.
11. Coqueiro KR, Bevilaqua-Grossi D, Berzin F, Soares AB, Candolo C, Monteiro-Pedro V. Analysis on the activation of the VMO and VLL muscles during semisquat exercises with and without hip adduction in individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. Dec 2005;15(6):596-603.
12. Day B, Mackenzie WG, Shim SS, Leung G. The vascular and nerve supply of the human meniscus. Arthroscopy. 1985;1(1):58-62.
13. Englund M, Roos EM, Lohmander LS. Impact of type of meniscal tear on radiographic and symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: a sixteen-year followup of meniscectomy with matched controls. Arthritis Rheum. Aug 2003;48(8):2178-2187.
14. Englund M, Roos EM, Roos HP, Lohmander LS. Patient-relevant outcomes fourteen years after meniscectomy: influence of type of meniscal tear and size of resection. Rheumatology (Oxford). Jun 2001;40(6):631-639.
15. Epler M, Sitler M, Moyer R. Kinematics of healthy and meniscal repaired knees. Res Sports Med. Apr-Jun 2005;13(2):91-109.
16. Fahlgren A, Messner K, Aspenberg P. Meniscectomy leads to an early increase in subchondral bone plate thickness in the rabbit knee. Acta Orthop Scand. Aug 2003;74(4):437-441.
17. Fauno P, Nielsen AB. Arthroscopic partial meniscectomy: a long-term follow-up. Arthroscopy. 1992;8(3):345-349.
18. Felson DT, Goggins J, Niu J, Zhang Y, Hunter DJ. The effect of body weight on progression of knee osteoarthritis is dependent on alignment. Arthritis Rheum. Dec 2004;50(12):3904-3909.
19. Gabrion A, Aimedieu P, Laya Z, et al. Relationship between ultrastructure and biomechanical properties of the knee meniscus. Surg Radiol Anat. Dec 2005;27(6):507-510.
20. Herzog W, Clark A, Longino D. Joint mechanics in osteoarthritis. Novartis Found Symp. 2004;260:79-95; discussion 95-79, 100-104, 277-109.
21. Hubbard JK, Sampson HW, Elledge JR. The vastus medialis oblique muscle and its relationship to patellofemoral joint deterioration in human cadavers. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. Dec 1998;28(6):384-391.
22. Hubbard JK, Sampson HW, Elledge JR. The vastus medialis oblique muscle and its relationship to patellofemoral joint deterioration in human cadavers. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. Dec 1998;28(6):384-391.
23. Hunter DJ, Zhang YQ, Tu X, et al. Change in joint space width: hyaline articular cartilage loss or alteration in meniscus? Arthritis Rheum. Aug 2006;54(8):2488-2495.
24. Karachalios T, Hantes M, Zibis AH, Zachos V, Karantanas AH, Malizos KN. Diagnostic accuracy of a new clinical test (the Thessaly test) for early detection of meniscal tears. J Bone Joint Surg Am. May 2005;87(5):955-962.
25. Kerrigan DC, Todd MK, Riley PO. Knee osteoarthritis and high-heeled shoes. Lancet. May 9 1998;351(9113):1399-1401.
26. Kersting UG, Stubendorff JJ, Schmidt MC, Bruggemann GP. Changes in knee cartilage volume and serum COMP concentration after running exercise. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. Oct 2005;13(10):925-934.
27. Kruger-Franke M, Siebert CH, Kugler A, Trouillier HH, Rosemeyer B. Late results after arthroscopic partial medial meniscectomy. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 1999;7(2):81-84.
28. Larson RL. Overview and philosophy of knee injuries. Clin Sports Med. Apr 1985;4(2):209-215.
29. Lee SJ, Aadalen KJ, Malaviya P, et al. Tibiofemoral contact mechanics after serial medial meniscectomies in the human cadaveric knee. Am J Sports Med. Aug 2006;34(8):1334-1344.
30. Mascal CL, Landel R, Powers C. Management of patellofemoral pain targeting hip, pelvis, and trunk muscle function: 2 case reports. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. Nov 2003;33(11):647-660.
31. McClinton S, Donatell G, Weir J, Heiderscheit B. Influence of step height on quadriceps onset timing and activation during stair ascent in individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. May 2007;37(5):239-244.
32. McDermott ID, Amis AA. The consequences of meniscectomy. J Bone Joint Surg Br. Dec 2006;88(12):1549-1556.
33. Messier SP, Davies AB, Moore DT, Davis SE, Pack RJ, Kazmar SC. Severe obesity: effects on foot mechanics during walking. Foot Ankle Int. Jan 1994;15(1):29-34.
34. Mine T, Kimura M, Sakka A, Kawai S. Innervation of nociceptors in the menisci of the knee joint: an immunohistochemical study. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2000;120(3-4):201-204.
35. Moller BN, Jurik AG, Tidemand-Dal C, Krebs B, Aaris K. The quadriceps function in patellofemoral disorders. A radiographic and electromyographic study. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1987;106(3):195-198.
36. Palastanga N, Field D, Soames R. Anatomy and Human Movement: Structure and Function. Oxford, England: Heinemann Medical Books; 1990.
37. Powers CM, Chen PY, Reischl SF, Perry J. Comparison of foot pronation and lower extremity rotation in persons with and without patellofemoral pain. Foot Ankle Int. Jul 2002;23(7):634-640.
38. Powers CM, Ward SR, Fredericson M, Guillet M, Shellock FG. Patellofemoral kinematics during weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing knee extension in persons with lateral subluxation of the patella: a preliminary study. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. Nov 2003;33(11):677-685.
39. Reijman M, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, Pols HA, Koes BW, Stricker BH, Hazes JM. Is there an association between the use of different types of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and radiologic progression of osteoarthritis? The Rotterdam Study. Arthritis Rheum. Oct 2005;52(10):3137-3142.
40. Reischl SF, Powers CM, Rao S, Perry J. Relationship between foot pronation and rotation of the tibia and femur during walking. Foot Ankle Int. Aug 1999;20(8):513-520.
41. Renstrom P, Johnson RJ. Anatomy and biomechanics of the menisci. Clin Sports Med. Jul 1990;9(3):523-538.
42. Roos EM, Dahlberg L. [Physical activity as medication against arthrosis--training has a positive effect on the cartilage]. Lakartidningen. Jun 17 2004;101(25):2178-2181.
43. Roos EM, Dahlberg L. Positive effects of moderate exercise on glycosaminoglycan content in knee cartilage: a four-month, randomized, controlled trial in patients at risk of osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. Nov 2005;52(11):3507-3514.
44. Roos H, Lauren M, Adalberth T, Roos EM, Jonsson K, Lohmander LS. Knee osteoarthritis after meniscectomy: prevalence of radiographic changes after twenty-one years, compared with matched controls. Arthritis Rheum. Apr 1998;41(4):687-693.
45. Sahlstrom A, Montgomery F. Risk analysis of occupational factors influencing the development of arthrosis of the knee. Eur J Epidemiol. Sep 1997;13(6):675-679.
46. Salsich GB, Ward SR, Terk MR, Powers CM. In vivo assessment of patellofemoral joint contact area in individuals who are pain free. Clin Orthop Relat Res. Dec 2003(417):277-284.
47. Senter C, Hame SL. Biomechanical analysis of tibial torque and knee flexion angle: implications for understanding knee injury. Sports Med. 2006;36(8):635-641.
48. Sharma L, Song J, Felson DT, Cahue S, Shamiyeh E, Dunlop DD. The role of knee alignment in disease progression and functional decline in knee osteoarthritis. JAMA. Jul 11 2001;286(2):188-195.
49. Stewart JP, Erskine CA. An experimental analysis of injuries to the menisci of the knee joint. Int Orthop. 1979;3(1):9-12.
50. Taskiran E, Dinedurga Z, Yagiz A, Uludag B, Ertekin C, Lok V. Effect of the vastus medialis obliquus on the patellofemoral joint. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 1998;6(3):173-180.
51. Thambyah A, Goh JC, De SD. Contact stresses in the knee joint in deep flexion. Med Eng Phys. May 2005;27(4):329-335.
52. The Laprade J, Culham E, Brouwer B. Comparison of five isometric exercises in the recruitment of the vastus medialis oblique in persons with and without patellofemoral pain syndrome. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. Mar 1998;27(3):197-204.
53. Vanwanseele B, Eckstein F, Knecht H, Stussi E, Spaepen A. Knee cartilage of spinal cord-injured patients displays progressive thinning in the absence of normal joint loading and movement. Arthritis Rheum. Aug 2002;46(8):2073-2078.
54. Whipple TL, Caspari RB, Meyers JF. Arthroscopic meniscectomy. An interim report at three to four years after operation. Clin Orthop Relat Res. Mar 1984(183):105-114.

Chapter Eight: The Hips

1. Simon AM, O'Connor JP. Dose and time-dependent effects of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition on fracture-healing. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Mar 2007;89(3):500-511.
2. Sen C, Erdem M, Gunes T, Koseoglu D, Filiz NO. Effects of diclofenac and tenoxicam on distraction osteogenesis. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. Apr 2007;127(3):153-159.
3. Neumann G, Mendicuti AD, Zou KH, et al. Prevalence of labral tears and cartilage loss in patients with mechanical symptoms of the hip: evaluation using MR arthrography. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. Mar 23 2007.
4. Krischak GD, Augat P, Claes L, Kinzl L, Beck A. The effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug application on incisional wound healing in rats. J Wound Care. Feb 2007;16(2):76-78.
5. Kaushal M, Gopalan Kutty N, Mallikarjuna Rao C. Wound healing activity of NOE-aspirin: a pre-clinical study. Nitric Oxide. Feb 2007;16(1):150-156.
6. Warden SJ, Avin KG, Beck EM, DeWolf ME, Hagemeier MA, Martin KM. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound accelerates and a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug delays knee ligament healing. Am J Sports Med. Jul 2006;34(7):1094-1102.
7. Vignon E, Valat JP, Rossignol M, et al. Osteoarthritis of the knee and hip and activity: a systematic international review and synthesis (OASIS). Joint Bone Spine. Jul 2006;73(4):442-455.
8. Tsai WC, Hsu CC, Chen CP, Chen MJ, Lin MS, Pang JH. Ibuprofen inhibition of tendon cell migration and down-regulation of paxillin expression. J Orthop Res. Mar 2006;24(3):551-558.
9. Mehallo CJ, Drezner JA, Bytomski JR. Practical management: nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use in athletic injuries. Clin J Sport Med. Mar 2006;16(2):170-174.
10. Kapoor M, Kojima F, Appleton I, Kawai S, Crofford LJ. Major enzymatic pathways in dermal wound healing: current understanding and future therapeutic targets. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. May 2006;7(5):418-422.
11. Jacobsen S. Adult hip dysplasia and osteoarthritis. Studies in radiology and clinical epidemiology. Acta Orthop Suppl. Dec 2006;77(324):1-37.
12. Guevara CJ, Pietrobon R, Carothers JT, Olson SA, Vail TP. Comprehensive morphologic evaluation of the hip in patients with symptomatic labral tear. Clin Orthop Relat Res. Dec 2006;453:277-285.
13. Fredericson M, Weir A. Practical management of iliotibial band friction syndrome in runners. Clin J Sport Med. May 2006;16(3):261-268.
14. Ezoe M, Naito M, Inoue T. The prevalence of acetabular retroversion among various disorders of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Feb 2006;88(2):372-379.
15. Cohen DB, Kawamura S, Ehteshami JR, Rodeo SA. Indomethacin and celecoxib impair rotator cuff tendon-to-bone healing. Am J Sports Med. Mar 2006;34(3):362-369.
16. Paluska SA. An overview of hip injuries in running. Sports Med. 2005;35(11):991-1014.
17. Kendall F, Kendall McCreary E, Provance P, Rodgers M, Romani W. Muscles: Testing and Function with Posture and Pain. 5th ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005.
18. Kelly BT, Shapiro GS, Digiovanni CW, Buly RL, Potter HG, Hannafin JA. Vascularity of the hip labrum: a cadaveric investigation. Arthroscopy. Jan 2005;21(1):3-11.
19. Ishiko T, Naito M, Moriyama S. Tensile properties of the human acetabular labrum-the first report. J Orthop Res. Nov 2005;23(6):1448-1453.
20. Ishiko T, Naito M, Moriyama S. Tensile properties of the human acetabular labrum-the first report. J Orthop Res. Nov 2005;23(6):1448-1453.
21. Nyland J, Kuzemchek S, Parks M, Caborn DN. Femoral anteversion influences vastus medialis and gluteus medius EMG amplitude: composite hip abductor EMG amplitude ratios during isometric combined hip abduction-external rotation. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. Apr 2004;14(2):255-261.
22. Ito K, Leunig M, Ganz R. Histopathologic features of the acetabular labrum in femoroacetabular impingement. Clin Orthop Relat Res. Dec 2004(429):262-271.
23. Hoeksma HL, Dekker J, Ronday HK, et al. Comparison of manual therapy and exercise therapy in osteoarthritis of the hip: a randomized clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum. Oct 15 2004;51(5):722-729.
24. De Filippis L, Gulli S, Caliri A, et al. [Epidemiology and risk factors in osteoarthritis: literature review data from "OASIS" study]. Reumatismo. Jul-Sep 2004;56(3):169-184.
25. Alvarez-Nemegyei J, Canoso JJ. Evidence-Based Soft Tissue Rheumatology: III: Trochanteric Bursitis. J Clin Rheumatol. Jun 2004;10(3):123-124.
26. Petersen W, Petersen F, Tillmann B. Structure and vascularization of the acetabular labrum with regard to the pathogenesis and healing of labral lesions. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. Jul 2003;123(6):283-288.
27. Page WF, Hoaglund FT, Steinbach LS, Heath AC. Primary osteoarthritis of the hip in monozygotic and dizygotic male twins. Twin Res. Apr 2003;6(2):147-151.
28. McCarthy J, Noble P, Aluisio FV, Schuck M, Wright J, Lee JA. Anatomy, pathologic features, and treatment of acetabular labral tears. Clin Orthop Relat Res. Jan 2003(406):38-47.
29. Giori NJ, Trousdale RT. Acetabular retroversion is associated with osteoarthritis of the hip. Clin Orthop Relat Res. Dec 2003(417):263-269.
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33. McCarthy JC, Lee JA. Acetabular dysplasia: a paradigm of arthroscopic examination of chondral injuries. Clin Orthop Relat Res. Dec 2002(405):122-128.
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35. Seldes RM, Tan V, Hunt J, Katz M, Winiarsky R, Fitzgerald RH, Jr. Anatomy, histologic features, and vascularity of the adult acetabular labrum. Clin Orthop Relat Res. Jan 2001(382):232-240.
36. Seldes RM, Tan V, Hunt J, Katz M, Winiarsky R, Fitzgerald RH, Jr. Anatomy, histologic features, and vascularity of the adult acetabular labrum. Clin Orthop Relat Res. Jan 2001(382):232-240.
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38. Cheng Y, Macera CA, Davis DR, Ainsworth BE, Troped PJ, Blair SN. Physical activity and self-reported, physician-diagnosed osteoarthritis: is physical activity a risk factor? J Clin Epidemiol. Mar 1 2000;53(3):315-322.
39. Tonnis D, Heinecke A. Acetabular and femoral anteversion: relationship with osteoarthritis of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Dec 1999;81(12):1747-1770.
40. Kagan A, 2nd. Rotator cuff tears of the hip. Clin Orthop Relat Res. Nov 1999(368):135-140.
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43. Cooper C, Inskip H, Croft P, et al. Individual risk factors for hip osteoarthritis: obesity, hip injury, and physical activity. Am J Epidemiol. Mar 15 1998;147(6):516-522.
44. Tackson SJ, Krebs DE, Harris BA. Acetabular pressures during hip arthritis exercises. Arthritis Care Res. Oct 1997;10(5):308-319.
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Chapter Nine: Your Back and Neck 

 Low Back

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14. by: E, A V, Mooney V, Snijders C, TA D, Stoeckart R. Movement, Stability & Low Back Pain: the Essential Role of the Pelvis. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1997.
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36. Flynn T, Fritz J, Whitman J, et al. A clinical prediction rule for classifying patients with low back pain who demonstrate short-term improvement with spinal manipulation. Spine. Dec 15 2002;27(24):2835-2843.
37. Flynn TW, Childs JD, Fritz JM. The audible pop from high-velocity thrust manipulation and outcome in individuals with low back pain. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. Jan 2006;29(1):40-45.
38. Fokter SK, Yerby SA. Patient-based outcomes for the operative treatment of degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. Eur Spine J. Nov 2006;15(11):1661-1669.
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42. Fritz JM, Cleland JA, Childs JD. Subgrouping patients with low back pain: evolution of a classification approach to physical therapy. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. Jun 2007;37(6):290-302.
43. Fritz JM, Delitto A, Erhard RE. Comparison of classification-based physical therapy with therapy based on clinical practice guidelines for patients with acute low back pain: a randomized clinical trial. Spine. Jul 1 2003;28(13):1363-1371; discussion 1372.
44. Fritz JM, Delitto A, Vignovic M, Busse RG. Interrater reliability of judgments of the centralization phenomenon and status change during movement testing in patients with low back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. Jan 2000;81(1):57-61.
45. Fritz JM, Erhard RE, Delitto A, Welch WC, Nowakowski PE. Preliminary results of the use of a two-stage treadmill test as a clinical diagnostic tool in the differential diagnosis of lumbar spinal stenosis. J Spinal Disord. Oct 1997;10(5):410-416.
46. Fritz JM, Whitman JM, Childs JD. Lumbar spine segmental mobility assessment: an examination of validity for determining intervention strategies in patients with low back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. Sep 2005;86(9):1745-1752.
47. Gibson JN, Grant IC, Waddell G. Surgery for lumbar disc prolapse. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000(3):CD001350.
48. Gibson JN, Waddell G. Surgery for degenerative lumbar spondylosis: updated Cochrane Review. Spine. Oct 15 2005;30(20):2312-2320.
49. Grenier SG, Russell C, McGill SM. Relationships between lumbar flexibility, sit-and-reach test, and a previous history of low back discomfort in industrial workers. Can J Appl Physiol. Apr 2003;28(2):165-177.
50. Grotle M, Vollestad NK, Brox JI. Clinical course and impact of fear-avoidance beliefs in low back pain: prospective cohort study of acute and chronic low back pain: II. Spine. Apr 20 2006;31(9):1038-1046.
51. Grundy PF, Roberts CJ. Does unequal leg length cause back pain? A case-control study. Lancet. Aug 4 1984;2(8397):256-258.
52. Hales TR, Bernard BP. Epidemiology of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Orthop Clin North Am. Oct 1996;27(4):679-709.
53. Handa N, Yamamoto H, Tani T, Kawakami T, Takemasa R. The effect of trunk muscle exercises in patients over 40 years of age with chronic low back pain. J Orthop Sci. 2000;5(3):210-216.
54. Hansen BE, Simonsen T, Leboeuf-Yde C. Motion palpation of the lumbar spine--a problem with the test or the tester? J Manipulative Physiol Ther. Mar-Apr 2006;29(3):208-212.
55. Hawk C, Phongphua C, Bleecker J, Swank L, Lopez D, Rubley T. Preliminary study of the reliability of assessment procedures for indications for chiropractic adjustments of the lumbar spine. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. Jul-Aug 1999;22(6):382-389.
56. Hayden JA, van Tulder MW, Malmivaara AV, Koes BW. Meta-analysis: exercise therapy for nonspecific low back pain. Ann Intern Med. May 3 2005;142(9):765-775.
57. Herzog W, Read LJ, Conway PJ, Shaw LD, McEwen MC. Reliability of motion palpation procedures to detect sacroiliac joint fixations. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. Apr 1989;12(2):86-92.
58. Hicks GE, Fritz JM, Delitto A, McGill SM. Preliminary development of a clinical prediction rule for determining which patients with low back pain will respond to a stabilization exercise program. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. Sep 2005;86(9):1753-1762.
59. Hicks GE, Fritz JM, Delitto A, Mishock J. Interrater reliability of clinical examination measures for identification of lumbar segmental instability. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. Dec 2003;84(12):1858-1864.
60. Hodges SD, Humphreys SC, Eck JC, Covington LA, Harrom H. Predicting factors of successful recovery from lumbar spine surgery among workers' compensation patients. J Am Osteopath Assoc. Feb 2001;101(2):78-83.
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65. Johnson EK, Chiarello CM. The slump test: the effects of head and lower extremity position on knee extension. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. Dec 1997;26(6):310-317.
66. Katz JN, Lipson SJ, Chang LC, Levine SA, Fossel AH, Liang MH. Seven- to 10-year outcome of decompressive surgery for degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine. Jan 1 1996;21(1):92-98.
67. Katz JN, Lipson SJ, Chang LC, Levine SA, Fossel AH, Liang MH. Seven- to 10-year outcome of decompressive surgery for degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine. Jan 1 1996;21(1):92-98.
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72. Kuukkanen T, Malkia E. Effects of a three-month therapeutic exercise programme on flexibility in subjects with low back pain. Physiother Res Int. 2000;5(1):46-61.
73. Le P, Solomonow M, Zhou BH, Lu Y, Patel V. Cyclic load magnitude is a risk factor for a cumulative lower back disorder. J Occup Environ Med. Apr 2007;49(4):375-387.
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77. Little JS, Khalsa PS. Human lumbar spine creep during cyclic and static flexion: creep rate, biomechanics, and facet joint capsule strain. Ann Biomed Eng. Mar 2005;33(3):391-401.
78. Long A, Donelson R, Fung T. Does it matter which exercise? A randomized control trial of exercise for low back pain. Spine. Dec 1 2004;29(23):2593-2602.
79. Luepongsak N, Krebs DE, Olsson E, Riley PO, Mann RW. Hip stress during lifting with bent and straight knees. Scand J Rehabil Med. Mar 1997;29(1):57-64.
80. Lund PJ, Krupinski EA, Brooks WJ. Ultrasound evaluation of sacroiliac motion in normal volunteers. Acad Radiol. Mar 1996;3(3):192-196.
81. Maghout Juratli S, Franklin GM, Mirza SK, Wickizer TM, Fulton-Kehoe D. Lumbar fusion outcomes in Washington State workers' compensation. Spine. Nov 1 2006;31(23):2715-2723.
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 Neck

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Chapter Ten: The Shoulders

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2. Dias R, Cutts S, Massoud S. Frozen shoulder. BMJ. Dec 17 2005;331(7530):1453-1456.
3. Diercks RL, Stevens M. Gentle thawing of the frozen shoulder: a prospective study of supervised neglect versus intensive physical therapy in seventy-seven patients with frozen shoulder syndrome followed up for two years. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. Sep-Oct 2004;13(5):499-502.
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15. Rundquist PJ, Anderson DD, Guanche CA, Ludewig PM. Shoulder kinematics in subjects with frozen shoulder. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. Oct 2003;84(10):1473-1479.
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Chapter Eleven: Pain ….Letting It Go

    This chapter is about a fascinating subject. Pain is a subjective experience. Therefore, any scientific discussion begins on shaky grounds. Although much is known about the neurobiology and biochemistry of pain, the subjective (dare I say, "spiritual") component is always a breath away...

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