Knees

Knees to Last a Lifetime
Powerpoint presentation on pdf file
References

1.         Osteoarthritis.  http://www.cdc.gov/arthritis/basics/osteoarthritis.htm.

2.         Helmick CG, Felson DT, Lawrence RC, et al. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States. Part I. Arthritis Rheum. Jan 2008;58(1):15-25.

3.         Lawrence RC, Felson DT, Helmick CG, et al. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States. Part II. Arthritis Rheum. Jan 2008;58(1):26-35.

4.         Zhang Y, Jordan JM. Epidemiology of Osteoarthritis. Clin Geriatr Med. Aug;26(3):355-369.

5.         Altman R, Asch E, Bloch D, et al. Development of criteria for the classification and reporting of osteoarthritis. Classification of osteoarthritis of the knee. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Criteria Committee of the American Rheumatism Association. Arthritis Rheum. Aug 1986;29(8):1039-1049.

6.         Brandt KD, Dieppe P, Radin E. Etiopathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Med Clin North Am. Jan 2009;93(1):1-24, xv.

7.         Davies-Tuck ML, Wluka AE, Wang Y, et al. The natural history of cartilage defects in people with knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. Mar 2008;16(3):337-342.

8.         Brandt KD, Radin EL, Dieppe PA, van de Putte L. Yet more evidence that osteoarthritis is not a cartilage disease. Ann Rheum Dis. Oct 2006;65(10):1261-1264.

9.         Radin EL, Burr DB. Hypothesis: joints can heal. Semin Arthritis Rheum. Feb 1984;13(3):293-302.

10.       Sharma L, Cahue S, Song J, Hayes K, Pai YC, Dunlop D. Physical functioning over three years in knee osteoarthritis: role of psychosocial, local mechanical, and neuromuscular factors. Arthritis Rheum. Dec 2003;48(12):3359-3370.

11.       Kessler S, Guenther KP, Puhl W. Scoring prevalence and severity in gonarthritis: the suitability of the Kellgren & Lawrence scale. Clin Rheumatol. 1998;17(3):205-209.

12.       Risberg MA. Arthroscopic surgery provides no additional benefit over physiotherapy and medication for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. Aust J Physiother. 2009;55(2):137.

13.       Kirkley A, Birmingham TB, Litchfield RB, et al. A randomized trial of arthroscopic surgery for osteoarthritis of the knee. N Engl J Med. Sep 11 2008;359(11):1097-1107.

14.       by: E, Williams P, Warwick R, Dyson M, Bannister L. Gray's Anatomy. 37th ed.

Edinburgh, London, Melbourne, New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1989.

15.       Huber M, Trattnig S, Lintner F. Anatomy, biochemistry, and physiology of articular cartilage. Invest Radiol. Oct 2000;35(10):573-580.

16.       Ulrich-Vinther M, Maloney MD, Schwarz EM, Rosier R, O'Keefe RJ. Articular cartilage biology. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. Nov-Dec 2003;11(6):421-430.

17.       Visser NA, de Koning MH, Lammi MJ, Hakkinen T, Tammi M, van Kampen GP. Increase of decorin content in articular cartilage following running. Connect Tissue Res. 1998;37(3-4):295-302.

18.       Okimura A, Okada Y, Makihira S, et al. Enhancement of cartilage matrix protein synthesis in arthritic cartilage. Arthritis Rheum. Jun 1997;40(6):1029-1036.

19.       Wyke B. The neurology of joints. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. Jul 1967;41(1):25-50.

20.       Kornaat PR, Bloem JL, Ceulemans RY, et al. Osteoarthritis of the knee: association between clinical features and MR imaging findings. Radiology. Jun 2006;239(3):811-817.

21.       Felson DT. The sources of pain in knee osteoarthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. Sep 2005;17(5):624-628.

22.       Felson DT, Chaisson CE, Hill CL, et al. The association of bone marrow lesions with pain in knee osteoarthritis. Ann Intern Med. Apr 3 2001;134(7):541-549.

23.       Felson DT, Niu J, Guermazi A, et al. Correlation of the development of knee pain with enlarging bone marrow lesions on magnetic resonance imaging. Arthritis Rheum. Sep 2007;56(9):2986-2992.

24.       Brandt KD, Dieppe P, Radin EL. Etiopathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. Aug 2008;34(3):531-559.

25.       Charnley J. The lubrication of animal joints in relation to surgical reconstruction by arthroplasty. Ann Rheum Dis. 1960;19:10-19.

26.       Basic Tribology. In: Dowson D, Wright V, eds. Introduction to the Biomechanics of Joints and Joint Replacement. London: Mechanical Engineering Publications Ltd.; 1981:49-60.

27.       Jewell E, Abate F, eds. The New Oxford American Dictionary. Oxford: University Press; 2001.

28.       Radin EL, Swann DA, Weisser PA. Separation of a hyaluronate-free lubricating fraction from synovial fluid. Nature. Oct 24 1970;228(5269):377-378.

29.       Swann DA, Hendren RB, Radin EL, Sotman SL, Duda EA. The lubricating activity of synovial fluid glycoproteins. Arthritis Rheum. Jan 1981;24(1):22-30.

30.       Jones AR, Chen S, Chai DH, et al. Modulation of lubricin biosynthesis and tissue surface properties following cartilage mechanical injury. Arthritis Rheum. Jan 2009;60(1):133-142.

31.       Palastanga N, Field D, Soames R. Anatomy and Human Movement: Structure and Function. Oxford, England: Heinemann Medical Books; 1990.

32.       Nordin M, Frankel V. Basic Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1989.

33.       Norkin C, Levangie P. Joint Structure & Function. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis; 1992.

34.       McDonough AL. Effects of immobilization and exercise on articular cartilage-a review of literature. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1981;3(1):2-5.

35.       Eckstein F, Hudelmaier M, Putz R. The effects of exercise on human articular cartilage. J Anat. Apr 2006;208(4):491-512.

36.       Khan KM, Scott A. Mechanotherapy: how physical therapists' prescription of exercise promotes tissue repair. Br J Sports Med. Apr 2009;43(4):247-252.

37.       Millward-Sadler SJ, Salter DM. Integrin-dependent signal cascades in chondrocyte mechanotransduction. Ann Biomed Eng. Mar 2004;32(3):435-446.

38.       Sharma G, Saxena RK, Mishra P. Differential effects of cyclic and static pressure on biochemical and morphological properties of chondrocytes from articular cartilage. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). Feb 2007;22(2):248-255.

39.       Jortikka MO, Inkinen RI, Tammi MI, et al. Immobilisation causes longlasting matrix changes both in the immobilised and contralateral joint cartilage. Ann Rheum Dis. Apr 1997;56(4):255-261.

40.       Hinterwimmer S, Krammer M, Krotz M, et al. Cartilage atrophy in the knees of patients after seven weeks of partial load bearing. Arthritis Rheum. Aug 2004;50(8):2516-2520.

41.       Vanwanseele B, Eckstein F, Knecht H, Stussi E, Spaepen A. Knee cartilage of spinal cord-injured patients displays progressive thinning in the absence of normal joint loading and movement. Arthritis Rheum. Aug 2002;46(8):2073-2078.

42.       Boocock M, McNair P, Cicuttini F, Stuart A, Sinclair T. The short-term effects of running on the deformation of knee articular cartilage and its relationship to biomechanical loads at the knee. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. Jul 2009;17(7):883-890.

43.       Eckstein F, Lemberger B, Gratzke C, et al. In vivo cartilage deformation after different types of activity and its dependence on physical training status. Ann Rheum Dis. Feb 2005;64(2):291-295.

44.       Eckstein F, Tieschky M, Faber S, Englmeier KH, Reiser M. Functional analysis of articular cartilage deformation, recovery, and fluid flow following dynamic exercise in vivo. Anat Embryol (Berl). Oct 1999;200(4):419-424.

45.       Carter DR, Beaupre GS, Wong M, Smith RL, Andriacchi TP, Schurman DJ. The mechanobiology of articular cartilage development and degeneration. Clin Orthop Relat Res. Oct 2004(427 Suppl):S69-77.

46.       Bjelle A. Content and composition of glycosaminoglycans in human knee joint cartilage. Variation with site and age in adults. Connect Tissue Res. 1975;3(2):141-147.

47.       Slowman SD, Brandt KD. Composition and glycosaminoglycan metabolism of articular cartilage from habitually loaded and habitually unloaded sites. Arthritis Rheum. Jan 1986;29(1):88-94.

48.       Li G, Park SE, DeFrate LE, et al. The cartilage thickness distribution in the tibiofemoral joint and its correlation with cartilage-to-cartilage contact. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). Aug 2005;20(7):736-744.

49.       Koo S, Andriacchi TP. A comparison of the influence of global functional loads vs. local contact anatomy on articular cartilage thickness at the knee. J Biomech. 2007;40(13):2961-2966.

50.       Gratzke C, Hudelmaier M, Hitzl W, Glaser C, Eckstein F. Knee cartilage morphologic characteristics and muscle status of professional weight lifters and sprinters: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Am J Sports Med. Aug 2007;35(8):1346-1353.

51.       Buschmann MD, Gluzband YA, Grodzinsky AJ, Hunziker EB. Mechanical compression modulates matrix biosynthesis in chondrocyte/agarose culture. J Cell Sci. Apr 1995;108 ( Pt 4):1497-1508.

52.       Buschmann MD, Kim YJ, Wong M, Frank E, Hunziker EB, Grodzinsky AJ. Stimulation of aggrecan synthesis in cartilage explants by cyclic loading is localized to regions of high interstitial fluid flow. Arch Biochem Biophys. Jun 1 1999;366(1):1-7.

53.       Lee CR, Grodzinsky AJ, Spector M. Biosynthetic response of passaged chondrocytes in a type II collagen scaffold to mechanical compression. J Biomed Mater Res A. Mar 1 2003;64(3):560-569.

54.       Lee DA, Bader DL. Compressive strains at physiological frequencies influence the metabolism of chondrocytes seeded in agarose. J Orthop Res. Mar 1997;15(2):181-188.

55.       Lee DA, Noguchi T, Frean SP, Lees P, Bader DL. The influence of mechanical loading on isolated chondrocytes seeded in agarose constructs. Biorheology. 2000;37(1-2):149-161.

56.       Demarteau O, Wendt D, Braccini A, et al. Dynamic compression of cartilage constructs engineered from expanded human articular chondrocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. Oct 17 2003;310(2):580-588.

57.       Roos EM, Dahlberg L. Positive effects of moderate exercise on glycosaminoglycan content in knee cartilage: a four-month, randomized, controlled trial in patients at risk of osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. Nov 2005;52(11):3507-3514.

58.       Nehrer S, Spector M, Minas T. Histologic analysis of tissue after failed cartilage repair procedures. Clin Orthop Relat Res. Aug 1999(365):149-162.

59.       Steadman JR, Rodkey WG, Briggs KK, Rodrigo JJ. [The microfracture technic in the management of complete cartilage defects in the knee joint]. Orthopade. Jan 1999;28(1):26-32.

60.       Radin EL, Paul IL, Lowy M. A comparison of the dynamic force transmitting properties of subchondral bone and articular cartilage. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Apr 1970;52(3):444-456.

61.       Hoshino A, Wallace WA. Impact-absorbing properties of the human knee. J Bone Joint Surg Br. Nov 1987;69(5):807-811.

62.       Buckwalter JA, Martin JA, Brown TD. Perspectives on chondrocyte mechanobiology and osteoarthritis. Biorheology. 2006;43(3-4):603-609.

63.       Repo RU, Finlay JB. Survival of articular cartilage after controlled impact. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Dec 1977;59(8):1068-1076.

64.       Lammi MJ, Inkinen R, Parkkinen JJ, et al. Expression of reduced amounts of structurally altered aggrecan in articular cartilage chondrocytes exposed to high hydrostatic pressure. Biochem J. Dec 15 1994;304 ( Pt 3):723-730.

65.       Lee JH, Fitzgerald JB, Dimicco MA, Grodzinsky AJ. Mechanical injury of cartilage explants causes specific time-dependent changes in chondrocyte gene expression. Arthritis Rheum. Aug 2005;52(8):2386-2395.

66.       Perry J. Gait Analysis: Normal Function and Pathological Function. Thorofare, NJ: SLACK Inc.; 1992.

67.       Rehan Youssef A, Longino D, Seerattan R, Leonard T, Herzog W. Muscle weakness causes joint degeneration in rabbits. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. Sep 2009;17(9):1228-1235.

68.       Baker KR, Xu L, Zhang Y, et al. Quadriceps weakness and its relationship to tibiofemoral and patellofemoral knee osteoarthritis in Chinese: the Beijing osteoarthritis study. Arthritis Rheum. Jun 2004;50(6):1815-1821.

69.       Brandt KD, Heilman DK, Slemenda C, et al. Quadriceps strength in women with radiographically progressive osteoarthritis of the knee and those with stable radiographic changes. J Rheumatol. Nov 1999;26(11):2431-2437.

70.       Mikesky AE, Mazzuca SA, Brandt KD, Perkins SM, Damush T, Lane KA. Effects of strength training on the incidence and progression of knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. Oct 15 2006;55(5):690-699.

71.       Slemenda C, Brandt KD, Heilman DK, et al. Quadriceps weakness and osteoarthritis of the knee. Ann Intern Med. Jul 15 1997;127(2):97-104.

72.       Slemenda C, Heilman DK, Brandt KD, et al. Reduced quadriceps strength relative to body weight: a risk factor for knee osteoarthritis in women? Arthritis Rheum. Nov 1998;41(11):1951-1959.

73.       Diracoglu D, Baskent A, Yagci I, Ozcakar L, Aydin R. Isokinetic strength measurements in early knee osteoarthritis. Acta Reumatol Port. Jan-Mar 2009;34(1):72-77.

74.       Fisher NM, Pendergast DR. Reduced muscle function in patients with osteoarthritis. Scand J Rehabil Med. Dec 1997;29(4):213-221.

75.       Fitzgerald GK, Piva SR, Irrgang JJ, Bouzubar F, Starz TW. Quadriceps activation failure as a moderator of the relationship between quadriceps strength and physical function in individuals with knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. Feb 15 2004;51(1):40-48.

76.       Lewek MD, Rudolph KS, Snyder-Mackler L. Quadriceps femoris muscle weakness and activation failure in patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res. Jan 2004;22(1):110-115.

77.       O'Reilly SC, Jones A, Muir KR, Doherty M. Quadriceps weakness in knee osteoarthritis: the effect on pain and disability. Ann Rheum Dis. Oct 1998;57(10):588-594.

78.       Petterson SC, Barrance P, Buchanan T, Binder-Macleod S, Snyder-Mackler L. Mechanisms underlying quadriceps weakness in knee osteoarthritis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Mar 2008;40(3):422-427.

79.       Segal NA, Glass NA, Torner J, et al. Quadriceps weakness predicts risk for knee joint space narrowing in women in the MOST cohort. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. Jun;18(6):769-775.

80.       Issa SN, Sharma L. Epidemiology of osteoarthritis: an update. Curr Rheumatol Rep. Feb 2006;8(1):7-15.

81.       Sowers M. Epidemiology of risk factors for osteoarthritis: systemic factors. Curr Opin Rheumatol. Sep 2001;13(5):447-451.

82.       Verbrugge LM, Gates DM, Ike RW. Risk factors for disability among U.S. adults with arthritis. J Clin Epidemiol. 1991;44(2):167-182.

83.       Blagojevic M, Jinks C, Jeffery A, Jordan KP. Risk factors for onset of osteoarthritis of the knee in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. Jan 2010;18(1):24-33.

84.       Felson DT, Zhang Y, Anthony JM, Naimark A, Anderson JJ. Weight loss reduces the risk for symptomatic knee osteoarthritis in women. The Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med. Apr 1 1992;116(7):535-539.

85.       Gabay O, Hall DJ, Berenbaum F, Henrotin Y, Sanchez C. Osteoarthritis and obesity: experimental models. Joint Bone Spine. Dec 2008;75(6):675-679.

86.       Simopoulou T, Malizos KN, Iliopoulos D, et al. Differential expression of leptin and leptin's receptor isoform (Ob-Rb) mRNA between advanced and minimally affected osteoarthritic cartilage; effect on cartilage metabolism. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. Aug 2007;15(8):872-883.

87.       Griffin TM, Huebner JL, Kraus VB, Guilak F. Extreme obesity due to impaired leptin signaling in mice does not cause knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. Oct 2009;60(10):2935-2944.

88.       Allen PR, Denham RA, Swan AV. Late degenerative changes after meniscectomy. Factors affecting the knee after operation. J Bone Joint Surg Br. Nov 1984;66(5):666-671.

89.       Kruger-Franke M, Siebert CH, Kugler A, Trouillier HH, Rosemeyer B. Late results after arthroscopic partial medial meniscectomy. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 1999;7(2):81-84.

90.       Roos H, Lauren M, Adalberth T, Roos EM, Jonsson K, Lohmander LS. Knee osteoarthritis after meniscectomy: prevalence of radiographic changes after twenty-one years, compared with matched controls. Arthritis Rheum. Apr 1998;41(4):687-693.

91.       Englund M, Roos EM, Lohmander LS. Impact of type of meniscal tear on radiographic and symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: a sixteen-year followup of meniscectomy with matched controls. Arthritis Rheum. Aug 2003;48(8):2178-2187.

92.       Roos EM, Ostenberg A, Roos H, Ekdahl C, Lohmander LS. Long-term outcome of meniscectomy: symptoms, function, and performance tests in patients with or without radiographic osteoarthritis compared to matched controls. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. May 2001;9(4):316-324.

93.       Cicuttini FM, Forbes A, Yuanyuan W, Rush G, Stuckey SL. Rate of knee cartilage loss after partial meniscectomy. J Rheumatol. Sep 2002;29(9):1954-1956.

94.       Englund M, Lohmander LS. Risk factors for symptomatic knee osteoarthritis fifteen to twenty-two years after meniscectomy. Arthritis Rheum. Sep 2004;50(9):2811-2819.

95.       Englund M, Guermazi A, Gale D, et al. Incidental meniscal findings on knee MRI in middle-aged and elderly persons. N Engl J Med. Sep 11 2008;359(11):1108-1115.

96.       Lane Smith R, Trindade MC, Ikenoue T, et al. Effects of shear stress on articular chondrocyte metabolism. Biorheology. 2000;37(1-2):95-107.

97.       Wong BL, Bae WC, Chun J, Gratz KR, Lotz M, Sah RL. Biomechanics of cartilage articulation: effects of lubrication and degeneration on shear deformation. Arthritis Rheum. Jul 2008;58(7):2065-2074.

98.       Wong BL, Bae WC, Gratz KR, Sah RL. Shear deformation kinematics during cartilage articulation: effect of lubrication, degeneration, and stress relaxation. Mol Cell Biomech. Sep 2008;5(3):197-206.

99.       Sharma L, Song J, Felson DT, Cahue S, Shamiyeh E, Dunlop DD. The role of knee alignment in disease progression and functional decline in knee osteoarthritis. JAMA. Jul 11 2001;286(2):188-195.

100.     Cahue S, Dunlop D, Hayes K, Song J, Torres L, Sharma L. Varus-valgus alignment in the progression of patellofemoral osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. Jul 2004;50(7):2184-2190.

101.     Cerejo R, Dunlop DD, Cahue S, Channin D, Song J, Sharma L. The influence of alignment on risk of knee osteoarthritis progression according to baseline stage of disease. Arthritis Rheum. Oct 2002;46(10):2632-2636.

102.     Moyer RF, Birmingham TB, Chesworth BM, Kean CO, Giffin JR. Alignment, body mass and their interaction on dynamic knee joint load in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. Apr 22.

103.     Hunter DJ, Niu J, Felson DT, et al. Knee alignment does not predict incident osteoarthritis: the Framingham osteoarthritis study. Arthritis Rheum. Apr 2007;56(4):1212-1218.

104.     Hunter DJ, Sharma L, Skaife T. Alignment and osteoarthritis of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Feb 2009;91 Suppl 1:85-89.

105.     Sharma L, Lou C, Felson DT, et al. Laxity in healthy and osteoarthritic knees. Arthritis Rheum. May 1999;42(5):861-870.

106.     Sharma L, Hayes KW, Felson DT, et al. Does laxity alter the relationship between strength and physical function in knee osteoarthritis? Arthritis Rheum. Jan 1999;42(1):25-32.

107.     Sharma L, Dunlop DD, Cahue S, Song J, Hayes KW. Quadriceps strength and osteoarthritis progression in malaligned and lax knees. Ann Intern Med. Apr 15 2003;138(8):613-619.

108.     Segawa H, Omori G, Koga Y. Long-term results of non-operative treatment of anterior cruciate ligament injury. Knee. Mar 2001;8(1):5-11.

109.     Nebelung W, Wuschech H. Thirty-five years of follow-up of anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knees in high-level athletes. Arthroscopy. Jun 2005;21(6):696-702.

110.     Lohmander LS, Englund PM, Dahl LL, Roos EM. The long-term consequence of anterior cruciate ligament and meniscus injuries: osteoarthritis. Am J Sports Med. Oct 2007;35(10):1756-1769.

111.     Meunier A, Odensten M, Good L. Long-term results after primary repair or non-surgical treatment of anterior cruciate ligament rupture: a randomized study with a 15-year follow-up. Scand J Med Sci Sports. Jun 2007;17(3):230-237.

112.     Kessler MA, Behrend H, Henz S, Stutz G, Rukavina A, Kuster MS. Function, osteoarthritis and activity after ACL-rupture: 11 years follow-up results of conservative versus reconstructive treatment. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. May 2008;16(5):442-448.

113.     Louboutin H, Debarge R, Richou J, et al. Osteoarthritis in patients with anterior cruciate ligament rupture: a review of risk factors. Knee. Aug 2009;16(4):239-244.

114.     Mueller MJ, Maluf KS. Tissue adaptation to physical stress: a proposed "Physical Stress Theory" to guide physical therapist practice, education, and research. Phys Ther. Apr 2002;82(4):383-403.

115.     Radin EL. Who gets osteoarthritis and why? J Rheumatol Suppl. Apr 2004;70:10-15.